食品安全举报制度研究

发布时间：2019-03-13 15:51

【摘要】：食品安全问题已经成为社会公众普遍关心的话题，频频爆发的食品安全事件不仅使公众的健康安全受到严重威胁，同时也考验政府应对食品安全事件的能力。举报制度不但能够增加为违反食品安全法规的违法犯罪分子的违法成本，，同时能够吸引公众积极参与食品安全制度的构建，减少政府的管理成本。虽然食品安全举报制度能够对食品安全发挥重大的作用，但是我国现有的举报制度对举报人合法权益的保障存在很多的不足之处。首先，食品安全法规在程序方面问题包括如下几个方面：第一，受理食品安全举报主体复杂、立案标准不清晰，可以采取统一举报受理机制，明确立案的标准并尽量缩短回复相对人期限等措施。第二，举报受理期限，各个地方的规定不同，且存在法律适用问题，可以统一规定举报受理的期限或者举报受理条件。第三，在进行行政调查的过程中，应保护举报人的安全，举报人的协助义务仅仅是一种“参与负担”。第四，在案件调查结束、审结举报件之后及时回复举报人，举报回复的性质属于具体行政行为。其次，对于举报人合法权益保护方面主要的问题包括四方面的内容，第一，保障举报人的隐私权，包括监管机关应当履行保密义务以及正确对待公民匿名举报两方面。若行政主体违反保密义务的，举报人可以提起国家赔偿。在诉讼中，法官应当审查相关的保密规定是否合法，并由行政主体承担其履行了保密规定的证明责任。食品安全监管机关的保密义务与政府信息公开之间存在密切的联系，公民可以申请政府公开相关的举报案件的处理情况，但是需要证明自己与所要求公开的信息之间有联系，政府公开相关信息时应采取相关的措施为举报人保密，但不能一概以涉及个人隐私为由不予公开。第二，对举报人职业保护权，食品安全违法行为人的内部员工举报雇主的违法行为时，除适用普通举报人的保护措施外，还需要劳动法等相关法律的全面保护。在诉讼中，针对用人单位的打击报复，应采用“促成因素”的证明标准。第三，应保护举报人的受奖励权，多个主体以及特殊主体进行举报时合理分配举报奖金，监管机关发放举报奖金的行为属于行政诉讼的范畴。最后，对食品安全举报人的保护还体现举报人的人身安全保护、预防性保护措施及与举报人有密切关系人的保护三面。食品安全的治理是一项复杂的系统工程，单纯依据政府的监管或依赖相对人的举报都难将以达到全面解决食品安全问题的目的，需要从多个维度治理我国的食品安全问题。
[Abstract]:The issue of food safety has become a topic of general concern to the public. The frequent outbreaks of food safety incidents not only seriously threaten the health of the public, but also test the ability of the government to deal with food safety incidents. The reporting system can not only increase the illegal cost of the criminals who violate the food safety regulations, but also attract the public to participate actively in the construction of the food safety system and reduce the administrative cost of the government. Although the food safety reporting system can play an important role in food safety, the existing reporting system in China has many shortcomings in protecting the legal rights and interests of whistle-blowers. First, the procedural issues of food safety laws and regulations include the following aspects: first, the subject of accepting food safety reports is complex, the standards of filing cases are unclear, and a unified reporting and accepting mechanism can be adopted. Define the criteria for filing a case and shorten the time limit for return to the relative party as soon as possible. Second, the time limit for the acceptance of reports, the provisions of each place are different, and there are problems in the application of the law, the time limit or the conditions for acceptance of reports may be prescribed uniformly. Thirdly, in the course of administrative investigation, the informant's safety should be protected, and the informant's duty of assistance is only a kind of "participation burden". Fourth, at the end of the case investigation, after the completion of the report in time to reply to the informant, the nature of the report is a specific administrative act. Secondly, the main problems in the protection of the legal rights and interests of the whistle-blower include four aspects. First, the protection of the privacy of the whistle-blower, including the obligation of confidentiality should be fulfilled by the regulatory authorities and the correct treatment of anonymous reporting of citizens. If the administrative subject violates the obligation of confidentiality, the informant may file state compensation. In the proceedings, the judge shall examine the legality of the relevant confidentiality regulations, and the administrative subject shall bear the burden of proof of the confidentiality provisions. There is a close link between the confidentiality obligation of the food safety regulatory authority and the disclosure of government information, and citizens may apply for the handling of reported cases related to the disclosure by the Government, but need to prove that they are connected with the information required to be made public. When disclosing relevant information, the government should take relevant measures to keep the informant confidential, but it should not be kept private on the grounds of personal privacy. Second, when the informant's right to occupational protection and the inside employees of the food safety violator report the illegal acts of the employer, the protection measures of ordinary whistle-blowers are not only applied, but also the comprehensive protection of labor law and other relevant laws is needed. In the litigation, the retaliatory action against the employer should adopt the proof standard of "contributing factors". Third, the right of the informant to be rewarded should be protected, and the reporting bonus should be allocated reasonably by many subjects as well as special subjects, and the behavior of the supervisory authority to issue the reporting bonus should belong to the scope of administrative litigation. Finally, the protection of food safety whistle-blowers also reflects the protection of the informant's personal safety, preventive protection measures and the protection of those who have close relations with the whistle-blower. The management of food safety is a complicated system engineering. It is difficult to solve the food safety problem completely according to the supervision of the government or depending on the report of the relative person. It is necessary to deal with the food safety problem in our country from many dimensions in order to achieve the goal of solving the food safety problem in an all-round way.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.16

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