旅行社安全保障义务之合理限度研究

发布时间：2018-03-22 09:50

本文选题：旅行社　切入点：安全保障义务　出处：《扬州大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：安全保障义务之“合理限度”问题已成为理论界和实务界研究的热点和难点问题。就旅行社而言,是否已尽安保义务将成为鉴别其应否承担责任的关键要素。《人身损害赔偿司法解释》第6条将“合理限度”进一步明确为“能够防止或者制止损害的范围”, 《旅游法》规定安全保障义务包括事前预防义务、安全警示义务以及事故救助义务等。仅靠抽象的立法,在面对旅游领域具体案件时,判定旅行社是否已尽安保义务的标准依旧不明确,且目前理论界和实务界对该问题的研究也有待完善。本文综合运用伦理分析法、利益衡量法、比较分析法和案例类型化分析法等研究方法,试图从理论和实践两个角度考察旅行社安全保障义务的体系及其具体内容,以探求旅行社安全保障义务的界限。通过梳理相关理论和典型案例,总结出更具体化的旅行社安全保障义务的判定标准。本文导论部分阐述了选题背景和研究价值,对现有规定及研究成果进行了评述,阐明国内外研究现状与发展趋势。正文分四个部分：第一章是问题的缘起,即通过两个案例的比对来引出拟解决的问题。两个案例说明法官对“合理限度”的认知不同,第一份判决书结合了具体案例对“合理限度”做出详细的解释,而第二份判决书对“合理限度”的阐述是一笔带过的。这一方面是法官素质的差异以及个案的差别所导致的,另一方面是因为缺乏具体化的“合理限度”标准。第二章是旅行社安全保障义务的理论考量,即分析了与判定“合理限度”有关的五大理论：危险控制理论、可预见性理论、信赖关系理论、责任自担理论和成本收益理论。通过这些理论的分析,旅行社安全保障义务的特点也呈现出来：一是空间范围上的可变性和不确定性(会随着游客所处场所的变化而变化)；二是义务时间范围上的限定性(从出游前至游玩结束的整个时期)。此时,旅行社安保义务有了更具体的判定标准,即是否在各个时间段、各个场所都尽了义务。第三章是在第二章的基础上,从实践中典型案例出发,具体化了义务的内容。出行前的安全义务包括提供符合安全标准的经营场所的义务、选择安全可靠的旅游履行辅助人的义务、为游客投保旅行社责任险并提醒游客投保个人意外险的义务、行前说明与旅游活动有关的基本情况的义务、确保出行导游拥有导游证的义务、保证旅游团中不存在危及其他游客人身和财产安全的人的义务、询问游客身体状况的义务等七个方面的内容；游玩过程中的安全义务包括食、住、行、游、购、娱六大方面的内容；危险发生时需要导游和其他相关负责人仔细分析损害行为的来源、强度以及自身控制、防范危险或损害的能力,组织安保人员及时采取应急措施；危险发生后的安全义务包括及时反应和积极救助的义务、妥善处理善后事宜的的义务、依法向旅游行政主管部门报告的义务等三方面的内容。如果旅行社在相应场所、相应时间履行了上述具体义务的话,则其已尽安全义务。此外,对于未成年人、老年人、孕妇和残疾人,本文也分别阐述了其特殊义务的范围,即旅行社负更高标准的义务,此处“更高标准”需结合具体案情。第四章是关于旅行社安全保障义务的抗辩事由。相较于第三章所述的安全保障义务,在面对不可抗力、意外事件、游客自身过错(脱团或隐瞒身体真实情况)和游客自甘风险时,此时旅行社难以预见相关危险,更不可能采取预防措施,所以可以减免其部分安保义务。本文结语部分在概括和升华前文内容的基础上,做出了三个结论,以期为旅行社安全保障义务的限度提供可资借鉴的判断标准。
[Abstract]:The safety guarantee obligation of "reasonable limits" problem has become a hot and difficult problem of the research in theory and practice. The travel agencies, whether has done security obligations will become the key elements of the differential should bear the responsibility. "The judicial interpretation of personal injury compensation" sixth "reasonable limits" to further clarify the scope of "to prevent or stop the damage," travel law provisions > security obligations including prior prevention duty, safety warning obligations and accident relief obligations. Only the abstract legislation, in the face of the field of tourism specific cases, to determine whether the travel agency has done security obligations of the standard is still not clear, and the research on this issue the circles of theory and practice also needs to be improved. This paper uses ethical analysis method, interest measure method, comparative analysis method and case study method such as the type of analysis, attempts from the theory and The practice of two aspects of travel safety and security obligations system and its specific content, in order to safeguard duty of travel agency boundaries. Through combing the relevant theory and typical case, summed up the criteria for more specific travel safety and security obligations. In this paper, the introduction describes the research background and value, to the existing rules and the research results were reviewed, to clarify the current situation and development trend of domestic and foreign research. The text is divided into four parts: the first chapter is the origin of the problem, namely, through the comparison of two cases leads to the problem to be solved. Two cases illustrate the judge cognition of "reasonable limits" is different, the first judgment on a specific case make a detailed explanation of the "reasonable limits", while the second judgments of "reasonable limits" is described with a pen. This is the difference to the quality of judges and case The difference caused by the other hand, because of the lack of specific "reasonable limits" standard. The second chapter is the safeguard duty of travel agency theoretical considerations, analyses and determine the reasonable limits of the five theories: the theory of risk control, predictability theory, trust theory, self responsibility Tam theory and cost-benefit theory. Through the analysis of these theories, the characteristics of safeguard duty of travel agency is also presented: one is the spatial extent of variability and uncertainty (will change with the change of the tourist site; two) is defined on the scope of duty time (to play from the travel before the end of for the entire period). At this time, the travel agency security obligations criteria are more specific, whether in each period, each place has done his duty. The third chapter is on the basis of the second chapter, starting from the practice of typical case, The content of the duty. Before travel safety obligations include compliance with safety standards in the place of business obligations, select safe and reliable travel theassistant obligations for tourists insured travel agency liability insurance and personal accident insurance to remind travelers obligations before the said basic situation of Ming and tourism activities related to the obligation. Ensure that travel guides have a tour guide certificate of guarantee obligation, endanger other personal and property safety of tourists in the tourist group does not exist the obligation, seven aspects about the health of tourists obligations; security obligations play process including food, housing, travel, entertainment, shopping, six aspects the source of danger occurs; need to guide and other relevant person in charge of a careful analysis of damage behavior, strength and self control, the ability to prevent danger or damage to the organization of security personnel to take emergency measures After the occurrence of the risk; security obligations including timely response and active assistance obligations, properly handle the aftermath of the obligation to report to the administrative department of tourism obligations and other three aspects. If the travel agency in the corresponding places, the corresponding time to fulfill the above-mentioned specific obligations, it has done security obligations in addition., for minors, the elderly, pregnant women and people with disabilities, this paper also illustrates the scope of the special obligations, travel agency negative higher standard of obligation, here "higher standard" should be combined with the specific case. The fourth chapter is about to travel safety and security obligations defenses. Compared to the third chapter the obligation of security, in the face of force majeure accident, tourists own fault (off or conceal the real situation of the body mass) of tourists and the assumption of risk, the travel agency to predict relevant risk, not possible Taking precautionary measures, we can reduce some of its security obligations. The conclusion of this paper, based on summarizing and upgrading the previous contents, has made three conclusions, with a view to provide a reference standard for the limitation of safety obligations of travel agencies.

【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923

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