权利失效理论研究

发布时间：2018-05-27 11:30

本文选题：权利 + 权利失效　；参考：《沈阳师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：权利失效理论创设于德国,是指权利人如于相当期间内怠于主张或行使自己的权利,包括请求权(债权请求权、物权请求权)、形成权及抗辩权,使得相对人因此产生合理信赖,认为该项权利不会再被行使,从而进一步产生值得法律保护的权益时,在综合考量各种因素后,则可认为权利人再为行使权利有违诚实信用原则,进而限制权利人不得行使。其具有两个主要的特征:一是权利人怠于行使权利的时间较长;二是其行为在特别情势之下使得权利相对人有合理理由认为权利人不再行使权利,或不再要求相对人履行义务,有特殊情况足以引起义务人正当信赖权利人已不欲其再履行义务。然而,仅凭上述两特征仍不足以判断是否构成权利失效。在具体个案中,还要综合考量其他因素,如当事人之间人格因素、经济能力、权利种类等。权利失效理论是经诚实信用原则具体化过程所形成的法律原则,是除诉讼时效和除斥期间外,另一个规范当事人因为长时间不行使权利致使其权利不得再行使的重要法律制度,其在成立要件、期间计算、法律制度及制度援引等方面均有别于诉讼失效及除斥期间。权利失效理论有其独有适用空间,是一种特殊的救济制度,用以弥补普通诉讼时效期间过长,限制法律未明确规定除斥期间的形成权和抗辩权的行使。当前,德国、日本及我国台湾地区均设有权利失效制度。目前,权利失效制度在我国现行法上并无明文规定,对“权利失效理论”这一重要的法律原则,我国民法学说上着墨甚少,意见也并不统一。在实务中,鉴于没有明确法律依据,法官在适用此理论时亦较为谨慎,因此有关该理论的案件实例鲜少出现。本文将试以权利失效的基本理论出发,从权利失效理论的渊源及发展、依据及功能,适用客体、构成要件与法律效果等方面进行具体分析,进而就我国为何引进权利失效理论,如何构建权利失效制度进行探讨,希冀有助于权利失效理论于我国未来立法、司法实务及学术的讨论与运用。
[Abstract]:The theory of rights invalidation was created in Germany, which means that the right holder, if it is in a considerable period of time, is inactive in advocating or exercising its rights, including the right of claim (claim claim, right of right request), the right of formation and the right of defense, which makes the relative person produce reasonable trust, and thinks that the right will not be exercised again, thus further producing the legal protection. When it comes to a comprehensive consideration of various factors, it can be considered that the right holder will exercise his right against the principle of honesty and credit, and then limit the right holder to not exercise. It has two main features: one is that the right holder has a longer time to exercise the right; and the two is that his behavior has a reasonable reason for the rights relative to be justified under the special circumstances. The right holder no longer exercises the right or no longer requires the relative person to perform its obligations. There are special circumstances enough to cause the obligee's right to trust the right holder to no longer fulfill its obligations. However, the above two characteristics are still not sufficient to judge whether the rights are invalid. In a specific case, other factors should be considered, such as the personality cause between the parties. The theory of the invalidation of rights is the legal principle formed by the concrete process of the principle of honesty and credit, and the other important legal system, except for the time of limitation and exclusion, for the other party, which does not make the right of the right to be exercised for a long time, and its establishment, period, and legal system. Degree and institutional invoking are different from litigation failure and exclusion. The theory of rights invalidation has its unique application space. It is a special relief system to make up for the long period of the ordinary lawsuit, and the restriction of law does not specify the right of formation and defense in the period of exclusion. Currently, Germany, Japan and the Taiwan region of China There is no system of rights failure. At present, the system of rights invalidation has no explicit provisions in the current law of our country. There is little ink in the theory of civil law in our country and the opinions are not uniform on the important legal principle of "the theory of rights invalidation". In practice, in view of the lack of clear legal basis, the judge is also more cautious when applying this theory. Therefore, the judge is also more cautious in applying this theory. The case of the theory is rarely seen. This paper will try to analyze the origin and development of the rights failure theory, the basis and function, the applicable object, the constitutive requirements and the legal effect, and then the reason why China introduces the theory of rights failure and how to build the system of rights failure. We hope to discuss and apply the theory of right invalidation to our future legislation, judicial practice and academic discussion.
【学位授予单位】：沈阳师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D913

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