见义勇为中民事赔偿责任问题分析

发布时间：2018-06-17 01:51

本文选题：见义勇为 + 无因管理说　；参考：《华东政法大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：见义勇为,作为我们中华民族的一项传统美德,历来是一种值得加以鼓励和传颂的典范行为。见义勇为者,或雪中送炭,或舍己为人,都是具有高尚人格和善良品质的英雄模范。但是,见义勇为行为却也因为其所交织的道德和法律的因素而常常备受关注,从而使得这一话题在经过众多法律探讨之后依旧历久弥新。这主要是见义勇为行为实施后所涉及的后续行为所造成的。从法律实用角度来说,见义勇为如果不涉及到任何损害事实或者费用支出,便可以将其归之于纯粹的情谊行为而不加以规制。这种说法也符合我国通常所认为的做好事应当不求回报、无私奉献的高尚精神。但是,见义勇为其所具有的人身危险性和高度风险性,使得事后往往涉及损害承担等一系列法律问题。这就要求我国法律对其进行一系列的规制,从而在保障见义勇为人利益的同时,也维护受害人的权益,起到维护社会公平、弘扬社会道德的作用。然而,当前我国对于见义勇为的立法却始终处于一种尴尬的局面。在各路官方文本中,见义勇为的词汇频现,但是在全国性立法中,却始终没有对其作出一个明确的定义。我国当前对于见义勇为的规定,散见于民法的各个法律法规中,大致形成了以《民法通则》109条为中心,《民通意见》142条、《人身损害解释》15条以及《侵权责任法》第23条为补充的见义勇为救济体系。这一救济体系虽然对于见义勇为中的民事赔偿中有侵权人、侵权人不明和无侵权人三种情况下救助者可以主张的权利做了大体划分,但是却仍存在适用模糊、责任承担不明确等一系列的问题。这些问题也给见义勇为案件的实务操作,尤其是赔偿责任问题的划分和认定,带来了很大的难处。因此,笔者试图从民法的角度,对见义勇为的赔偿责任问题做一个深入的探讨。在本文中,笔者运用了文义分析法、规范阐释法和比较分析法等研究方法,对见义勇为的概念、性质和法律关系进行阐释,从而从中剖析出其所具有的赔偿责任的承担问题。本文第一部分简要介绍了见义勇为的大体上的概念及构成见义勇为的几个组成部分。根据我国《民法通则》109条等全国性法律对于见义勇为的相关规制,结合我国各省地方性法规,笔者对见义勇为的概念有了初步的了解,并在此基础上进一步分析和阐述了构成见义勇为的主体、主观方面、客观方面和没有作为义务几个主要构成部分。虽然,各省市地区出于从国家鼓励和补偿见义勇为之人的角度的定性的原因,对于见义勇为的界定有所不同,但是,本文为了保证从民法上研究见义勇为的涵盖面,将其做了尽可能的概括,以便展开进一步的分析和探讨。第二部分主要阐述了见义勇为的性质以及学术界的不同学说。通过对于无因管理说、防止侵害行为说和制止侵害行为说、正当防卫说和紧急避险说、合同说、综合说等学说的比较和分析,笔者初步认同综合说的观点,承认见义勇为的多样性。笔者认为,见义勇为因其所具有的多面性特点,需要对于行为的各个方面进行具体问题具体分析,将其民法属性分散在不同法律行为中进行讨论。而在实务上对于见义勇为的法律规制,则可以将其划分和归纳到无因管理、正当防卫等不同的法条中,从某种程度上说,也能起到简化法条的作用。但是,不可否认的是,综合说也具有其特定的缺陷性。综合说所要求详尽的法条基础对于当前我国的实际情况来说仍有一定的难度。因此,对于综合说在实务中的运用,以及见义勇为是否有建立特别规范的必要性,还需要进一步结合实际判定。第三部分是本文的核心章节。在本部分中,笔者首先对见义勇为行为中的法律关系进行分析和阐述,将见义勇为行为分为有侵害人的见义勇为和没有侵害人的法律关系进行不同的剖析,理清见义勇为者和侵权人之间、见义勇为者和受益人之间、见义勇为者和第三人之间不同的法律关系。在区分完不同情形下该行为中的各方法律关系后,笔者将见义勇为的赔偿责任承担问题又区分为为见义勇为者受到的损害赔偿责任承担问题和见义勇为者造成的损害赔偿责任问题两个问题进行具体的深入探讨。以前文分析的见义勇为行为中当事人各方之间的法律关系为基础,在这一部分中,笔者详细的罗列了见义勇为者和侵权人之间、见义勇为者和受益人之间、见义勇为者和第三人之间的赔偿责任的承担问题,对在侵权人逃逸或者无力承担责任的情况下,受益人的补偿责任问题和见义勇为者对于被救助人造成损害赔偿时责任的承担等重点问题进行进一步的研究,从而对民法意义上见义勇为的赔偿责任做出了深入的分析,以期解决理论和实务上的困惑之处。第四部分对于我国目前见义勇为赔偿责任承担的法律规制做了详细的介绍并对其进行了简要的评析。当前我国对见义勇为的规制,散见于民法的各个法律文献的规定中,除去《民法通则》、《民通意见》等对见义勇为作出的较为直接的规定全国性法律规定之外,还在实际判断和运用中,涉及到无因管理、紧急避险和正当防卫等方面的诸多法条。但是,必须看到的是,尽管我国法律对于见义勇为已经做出大量的规定,使得见义勇为并非无法可依,但是其仍存在概念不清、含义模糊、责任承担问题上范围不明和是否适用无因管理存在争议等问题。第五部分是本文的最后一个部分。在这个部分中,通过上文对见义勇为法律性质和民事赔偿责任的分析,结合我国当前的实际情况和存在问题,对于我国见义勇为立法完善,提出了处理好同无因管理的关系,降低见义勇为者注意义务以及建立多元化救济体系的立法构想。通过对于见义勇为的性质、法律关系以及赔偿责任的分析和探讨中可以看到,虽然目前我国对于见义勇为已有了大量的法律法规进行规制,但是不管是在学理上还是实务中,都对见义勇为的性质和赔偿责任存在诸多分歧。因此,研究见义勇为中民事赔偿责任的问题,不管是在学理上还是在实务中都有着极其重要的理论和现实意义。本文从研究见义勇为中民事赔偿责任这个现实问题出发,通过运用法律理论的剖析,结合世界上其他国家和地区对于见义勇为的法律规制和我国的实际情况,提出并解决概念认定、性质分析以及定损和责任承担问题这几个关键性的问题,并最终得出了需要妥善处理见义勇为和无因管理关系、降低见义勇为者注意义务以及建立多元化的救济体系的结论。
[Abstract]:As a traditional virtue of the Chinese nation, it is always an exemplary act that is worthy of encouragement and praise as a traditional virtue of the Chinese nation. It is often concerned that the topic is still renewed after many legal discussions. This is mainly caused by the follow-up behavior involved in the implementation of the act of justice. From a legal point of view, it can be classified as pure if it does not involve any damage to the facts or the expenses of the person. This statement also conforms to the noble spirit of unrewarding and selfless dedication that is generally considered to be good in our country. However, the personal danger and high risk that it possesses is often involved in a series of legal problems, such as damage, and so on, which requires the law of our country to carry out it. A series of rules and regulations, so as to protect the interests of the brave, while maintaining the rights and interests of the victims, to maintain social justice and promote the role of social morality. However, the current legislation on the courage to be brave in our country has always been in an awkward situation. In sexual legislation, there is never a clear definition of it. At present, China's provisions on righteous courage, scattered in the various laws and regulations of civil law, have roughly formed a relief from the ">109 of the general rules of the civil law," the opinion >142 of the people's opinion, the >15 of the explanation of personal injury and the twenty-third articles of the tort liability law. This relief system, although the rights of the tortfeasor, the tortfeasor, the tortfeasor and the non tortfeasor are generally divided in three cases, but there are still a series of questions, such as vague application and unclear responsibility, etc. As a result, the author tries to make a deep study of the problem of the liability for indemnity from the angle of civil law. In this article, the author uses the analysis method of the text, the standard of interpretation and the comparative analysis, and the concept of the brave and the nature. The first part of this paper gives a brief introduction to the general concept of "brave" and a few components of its constitution. According to the national laws of the general rules of the civil law, the relevant regulations of the national law on the courage and justice of our country, combined with our country, are combined with our country. In the provincial and local laws and regulations, I have a preliminary understanding of the concept of "brave", and on this basis, the author further analyzes and expounds the main body, subjective aspect, objective aspect and no obligation to act as a major component. Although the provinces and regions are in the perspective of encouraging and compensating the people who are brave and righteous from the state. The qualitative reasons are different for the definition of the righteous, but in order to guarantee the coverage of the civil law, this article makes the best possible generalization so as to further analyze and discuss. The second part mainly expounds the nature of the brave and the different doctrines of the academic circle. In the light of the theory that the theory of justifiable defense and the theory of emergency avoidance, the theory of contract, and the theory of comprehensive theory are compared and analyzed, the author initially identifies the views of the comprehensive theory and acknowledges the diversity of the courage to be brave. The specific analysis of the specific problems and the dispersion of its civil law in different legal acts will be discussed. In practice, the legal rules and regulations of the righteous act can be divided and summed up to the different laws, such as the non cause management, the justifiable defense and so on. To some extent, it can also play the role of simplifying the law. The comprehensive theory also has its specific defects. It is still difficult for the actual situation of our country to be discussed in detail. Therefore, it is necessary to combine the use of the practice in the practice and the necessity of establishing a special standard for the brave. The third part is this In this part, the author first analyzes and expounds the legal relationship in the act of righteous action, and divides the act of righteous act into the legal relationship of the infringer and the legal relationship without infringing the human being, to clear the sense of the brave and the tortfeasor, and between the righteous and the beneficiaries. The legal relationship between the brave and the third are different. After distinguishing the legal relations between the parties in different situations, the author divides the liability for the responsibility of the righteous to the two issues of the liability for damages and the liability for damage made by the righteous. On the basis of the legal relationship between the parties concerned in the previous analysis of the courageous act, in this part, the author details the question of the liability for the indemnity between the brave and the beneficiaries, between the brave and the beneficiaries, between the brave and the third, and to the tortfeasor. In the case of escaping or incapable of taking responsibility, the compensation liability of the beneficiary and the important problems of the righteous who are responsible for the damages caused by the salvor are further studied, so as to make an in-depth analysis of the liability for the indemnity in the sense of the civil law, in order to solve the difficulties in theory and practice. The fourth part gives a detailed introduction to the legal rules and regulations of the liability for the indemnity of our country at present, and makes a brief analysis of it. In addition to the provisions of the provisions of the national law, there are many legal articles in the actual judgment and application, including non cause management, emergency avoidance and justifiable defense. However, it must be seen that although the laws of our country have made a lot of regulations on the courage to be brave, it is not impossible for them to be independent, but it still has a concept that does not exist. The fifth part is the last part of this article. In this part, through the analysis of the legal nature of the brave and the liability for civil compensation in this part, and in combination with the actual situation and the existing problems in our country, it is clear to our country. In order to improve the legislation, bravery has put forward the legislative idea of dealing with the relationship of non cause management, reducing the duty of attention and establishing a pluralistic relief system. It can be seen through the analysis and discussion of the nature of the brave, the legal relationship and the liability for compensation. Although there are a lot of laws in our country at present, there is a great deal of law. Laws and regulations are regulated, but there are many differences in the nature of the brave and the liability for compensation in both the academic and practical aspects. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the civil liability for civil indemnity in the righteous, both in theory and practice. On the basis of the practical problem of civil liability for compensation, by analyzing the legal theory and combining the legal rules and regulations of the other countries and regions in the world and the actual situation of our country, this paper puts forward and solves the key problems of concept identification, nature analysis, and the problem of loss and responsibility. It is good at handling the relationship between heroic and free management relations, reducing the duty of duty of the courageous and the conclusion of establishing a diversified relief system.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923

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