论冷冻胚胎的法律保护
发布时间：2018-10-14 15:26
【摘要】：无锡冷冻胚胎继承案自发案以来引起了民众的广泛关注,民法学界亦对冷冻胚胎的法律属性、权利归属等问题展开了激烈的争论。无锡冷冻胚胎案一方面揭示了人工生殖技术迅猛发展下给人类传统伦理带来的挑战,另一方面也给传统民法理论中人物二元格局的划分提出了新的标准。国外案例及立法显示,对于冷冻胚胎法律属性呈现三种立场,一种为注重其人格属性的主体说,根据对胚胎的主体属性的具体保护范围不同分为有限自然人说、法律拟制人说、身体器官权说;一种为注重其物权属性的客体说,将胚胎作为物保护的程度和具体限制不同分为物权直接客体说、伦理物、财产说;最后一种为突破传统民法理论人物二元格局,创立第三领域,兼具保护胚胎上所含之人格利益与财产利益的中介说,以其立法具体规制不同而分为私生活利益说、人格利益说。现在立法和学界以中介说为通说,但学界对中介说中各国具体如何立法规制有较大争论。综观各国判例及立法实践,笔者认为,对于冷冻胚胎的法律属性宜将之定位为与一般之物有严格区分的特殊物。特殊性在于其伦理属性和道德地位上体现的人格属性,基于此,对其保护应横跨物权法和人格权法,以最大限度的实现冷冻胚胎的人格属性和财产属性的双重保护。同时,由于冷冻胚胎上所有人和权利人权利范围存在差异,故应区分所有人和权利人来规定二者的权利范围和权利限制。现我国对于冷冻胚胎法律保护的条文零星分布于几部效力较低的部门规章中,且规定的内容未涉及法律属性和具体权利人的权利范围等核心问题,急需从制度构建上对冷冻胚胎的法律保护进行完善。笔者认为,我国可借鉴国外对胚胎保护的相关判例和立法,具体可选择性引进胚胎收养制度,配备兼具物权请求权和人格权请求权的请求权聚合的司法救济方式,以期建立完整的冷冻胚胎法律保护制度。
[Abstract]:Since the spontaneous succession case of frozen embryos in Wuxi has aroused widespread concern, the civil law community has also launched a fierce debate on the legal attributes of frozen embryos and the attribution of rights. On the one hand, the case of frozen embryos in Wuxi reveals the challenge to human traditional ethics brought by the rapid development of artificial reproduction technology, on the other hand, it also puts forward a new standard for the division of dual pattern of human beings in the theory of traditional civil law. Foreign cases and legislation show that there are three positions on the legal attributes of frozen embryos. One is the subject theory that pays attention to its personality attribute. According to the specific protection scope of the subject attribute of embryo, it can be divided into limited natural person theory and legal fictitious theory. The theory of body organ right: one is the object theory, which regards embryo as object protection and the specific limitation is divided into real right direct object theory, ethics object theory and property theory. Finally, in order to break through the dual pattern of traditional civil law theory, to establish the third field, to protect the interests of personality and property in embryo, the last one is divided into private life interest theory and personality interest theory according to its specific regulation. Now the legislation and the academic circles take the intermediary theory as the general theory, but the academic circles have the bigger dispute about how to legislate the regulation in the intermediary theory. The author considers that the legal attributes of frozen embryos should be defined as special objects which are strictly distinguished from general objects. The particularity lies in its ethical attribute and the personality attribute reflected in the moral status. Based on this, the protection of the frozen embryo should straddle the property law and the personality right law, so as to realize the dual protection of the personality attribute and the property attribute of the frozen embryo to the maximum extent. At the same time, due to the differences between the rights of the owner and the right holder in frozen embryos, it is necessary to distinguish the owner and the right holder to define the scope and limitation of their rights. At present, the provisions of legal protection for frozen embryos in China are scattered in several less effective departmental regulations, and the contents of the provisions do not involve the core issues such as legal attributes and the scope of rights of specific rights holders, etc. It is urgent to perfect the legal protection of frozen embryos in terms of system construction. The author believes that our country can draw lessons from the relevant cases and legislation of foreign countries on embryo protection, introduce the system of embryo adoption selectively, and provide the judicial relief mode of the aggregation of claims with both real right and personality right. In order to establish a complete legal protection system of frozen embryos.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923
[Abstract]:Since the spontaneous succession case of frozen embryos in Wuxi has aroused widespread concern, the civil law community has also launched a fierce debate on the legal attributes of frozen embryos and the attribution of rights. On the one hand, the case of frozen embryos in Wuxi reveals the challenge to human traditional ethics brought by the rapid development of artificial reproduction technology, on the other hand, it also puts forward a new standard for the division of dual pattern of human beings in the theory of traditional civil law. Foreign cases and legislation show that there are three positions on the legal attributes of frozen embryos. One is the subject theory that pays attention to its personality attribute. According to the specific protection scope of the subject attribute of embryo, it can be divided into limited natural person theory and legal fictitious theory. The theory of body organ right: one is the object theory, which regards embryo as object protection and the specific limitation is divided into real right direct object theory, ethics object theory and property theory. Finally, in order to break through the dual pattern of traditional civil law theory, to establish the third field, to protect the interests of personality and property in embryo, the last one is divided into private life interest theory and personality interest theory according to its specific regulation. Now the legislation and the academic circles take the intermediary theory as the general theory, but the academic circles have the bigger dispute about how to legislate the regulation in the intermediary theory. The author considers that the legal attributes of frozen embryos should be defined as special objects which are strictly distinguished from general objects. The particularity lies in its ethical attribute and the personality attribute reflected in the moral status. Based on this, the protection of the frozen embryo should straddle the property law and the personality right law, so as to realize the dual protection of the personality attribute and the property attribute of the frozen embryo to the maximum extent. At the same time, due to the differences between the rights of the owner and the right holder in frozen embryos, it is necessary to distinguish the owner and the right holder to define the scope and limitation of their rights. At present, the provisions of legal protection for frozen embryos in China are scattered in several less effective departmental regulations, and the contents of the provisions do not involve the core issues such as legal attributes and the scope of rights of specific rights holders, etc. It is urgent to perfect the legal protection of frozen embryos in terms of system construction. The author believes that our country can draw lessons from the relevant cases and legislation of foreign countries on embryo protection, introduce the system of embryo adoption selectively, and provide the judicial relief mode of the aggregation of claims with both real right and personality right. In order to establish a complete legal protection system of frozen embryos.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923
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