失格父母的监护撤销与恢复制度研究

发布时间：2018-10-21 10:16

【摘要】：近些年来,一些监护人侵犯未成年人合法权益的典型案件时有发生,导致未成年人的保护问题成为社会焦点,社会各界普遍要求加强对未成年人的保护,尤其是加强立法,使未成年人的保护有法可依,加强公权力的介入,以强制力来保护弱者,同时加强社会组织对于未成年人的保护。因此,我国《关于依法处理监护人侵害未成年人权益行为的意见》在立法领域进行了大胆的尝试,并在实际生活中得到了运用,而后《民法总则(草案)三审稿》在监护制度上进行了一系列的改变和创新,以保护未成年人的权益。但是由于法制环境导致法律思维缺失和中国几千年的“家事”思想造成的对未成年子女利益的保护理念的落后性,我国监护撤销与恢复制度仍有较大的制度缺陷。主要表现在我国监护撤销和恢复制度比较抽象,缺少具体的规定,并且缺乏系统性,在实际适用过程中缺少可操作性。虽然2014年出台的《意见》对监护撤销和恢复制度作出具体规定并进行了完善,但是在实际适用过程中还是存在一些问题,在监护撤销制度的启动领域方式单一,没有专门的监护撤销监督人,撤销监护后的安置问题上缺少具体措施。相对而言,其他国家尽管在意识形态和法律制度传统上与我国存在区别,但是对于国外在监护撤销和恢复制度领域的优秀成果和经验,是值得我们借鉴和参考的。本文借鉴外国的优秀成果和经验,提出以下几点建议,首先建立主动撤销程序以弥补被动撤销制度的不足;其次在监护人资格恢复制度方面加强可操作性,主要措施为对申请恢复的条件进行细致规定、延长申请恢复的期限、建立恢复制度处理的专门机构;然后在监护撤销制度的监督领域进行完善,主要方法为设立专门的司法监督机构、明确规定监护监督主体各自的责任、具体监护监督人失职所应当承担的法律责任;最后在撤销监护后的安置问题上增加具体措施,主要方法表现为国家加大财政投入完善社会救助安置体系、健全安置评估机制。
[Abstract]:In recent years, some typical cases of guardian infringement on the legal rights and interests of minors have occurred from time to time, leading to the protection of minors become the focus of the society, the community generally calls for the strengthening of the protection of minors, especially the strengthening of legislation. The protection of minors can be governed by law, the intervention of public power should be strengthened, the weak should be protected by coercive force, and the protection of minors by social organizations should be strengthened at the same time. Therefore, China's opinions on dealing with the violation of the rights and interests of minors by guardians according to law have made bold attempts in the field of legislation and have been applied in real life. The third draft of the General principles of Civil Law made a series of changes and innovations in the guardianship system in order to protect the rights and interests of minors. However, due to the lack of legal thinking caused by the legal environment and the backwardness of the idea of protecting the interests of minor children caused by the thought of "family affairs" for thousands of years in China, the system of revocation and restoration of guardianship in China still has great institutional defects. The system of revocation and restoration of guardianship in our country is abstract, lack of specific regulations, lack of systematicness and lack of maneuverability in the process of practical application. Although the opinions issued in 2014 have made specific provisions and perfected the system of revocation and restoration of guardianship, there are still some problems in the practical application process, and the mode of initiation of the system of revocation of guardianship is single. There is no special supervisor for the revocation of guardianship, and lack of specific measures for placement after revocation of guardianship. Comparatively speaking, other countries are different from our country in ideology and legal system in tradition, but the outstanding achievements and experiences of foreign countries in the field of guardianship revocation and restoration system are worthy of our reference and reference. This paper draws lessons from the outstanding achievements and experiences of foreign countries, and puts forward the following suggestions: first, to establish the active revocation procedure to make up for the deficiency of the passive revocation system; secondly, to strengthen the maneuverability in the system of the restoration of guardian qualification. The main measures are to make detailed provisions on the conditions for application for restoration, to extend the time limit for applications for restoration, to establish specialized institutions for handling the restoration system, and then to improve the supervision area of the system of revocation of guardianship. The main methods are to set up a special judicial supervision agency, to define clearly the respective responsibilities of the subject of guardianship supervision, and to specify the legal liability of the specific supervisor for dereliction of duty; finally, to add specific measures to the issue of placement after the revocation of guardianship, The main methods are that the government should increase financial input to perfect the social assistance and resettlement system and perfect the resettlement evaluation mechanism.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923

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