我国自然资源使用权制度研究

发布时间：2019-01-19 17:34

【摘要】：自然资源既是生活、生产要素,又是组成自然环境的基本元素。自然资源价值的认定会对自然资源开发利用和自然资源使用权制度构建产生直接影响。无论是选用劳动价值论作为自然资源价值认定的理论基础,还是选用效用价值论作为自然资源价值认定的理论基础,都存在缺陷。这些缺陷引发了两方面问题,一是在实践中,导致自然资源保护不力客观事实的出现；二是在制度层面,导致自然资源使用权制度在具体制度安排上存在缺陷。上述两个问题均与自然资源使用权制度密切相关,因此,完善该制度是解决上述问题的应对之策。自然资源具有生态属性、自身价值性和自身利益等一般属性,同时具有有用性、稀缺性、可支配性等法律属性。根据自然资源的属性进行划分,自然资源可分为物质资源、自维持性资源、环境容量资源、舒适性资源。由于物质资源的属性与物权法视野下的自然资源所具备的属性一致,故而,物权法视野下的自然资源仅指物质资源。自然资源使用权与自然资源利用权这两个概念极为相近,但它们并非同等概念,前者是后者的子概念,是基于狭义自然资源利用范畴内的物权层面上非所有权人对自然资源的利用而产生的一系列权利。在分析我国法律制度现状的基础上,我们可以了解到现行法律制度对各类自然资源使用权的性质、取得方式和流转等方面的具体规定。从这些具体规定中,我们可以发现规范各类自然资源使用权的法律制度存在以下几点共通性问题,即：权利性质不明确、权利体系混乱、流转制度不完善、登记制度不健全、权利征收制度未建立。这些问题导致的结果是自然资源使用权物权化程度低、流转性差,进而引发自然资源配置不合理、利用效率低、保护不到位等现实问题。美国自然资源产权制度对各项权利做了极为细致的区分,各项权利高度私权化,行政权力不会随意对其进行干涉,同时,对权利流转也给予了广阔的空间。这种做法充分尊重了物权的基本特性,使私权能够少受,甚至不受行政权力的不合法干预,有利于促进自然资源的合理利用及保护目的的实现。这种将权利高度物权化、流转化的做法为完善我国相关制度提供了参考。我国自然资源使用权制度的缺陷是导致自然资源使用权物权化程度低、处分权能和流转性不完善的根本原因,此类制度缺陷不在于宏观的立法体系上,而在于具体制度层面上,因此,要对该制度进行完善需从具体制度安排层面着手。首先,完善物权法的具体制度规定,明确自然资源使用权的处分权能,并廓清它与其它类型物权的边界；然后,完善自然资源使用权的权利体系,构建“双层次”权利体系,即载体性自然资源使用权和资源产品性自然资源使用权,为权利管理和流转奠定基础；最后,完善权利流转、登记和征收制度,为权利保护和权利市场化提供法律支撑。
[Abstract]:Natural resources are not only the elements of life and production, but also the basic elements of natural environment. The determination of the value of natural resources will have a direct impact on the exploitation and utilization of natural resources and the construction of the system of the right to use natural resources. Whether labor value theory is chosen as the theoretical basis of natural resources value determination or utility value theory is chosen as the theoretical basis of natural resources value determination, there are some defects. These defects lead to two problems, one is in practice, which leads to the appearance of the objective facts of inadequate protection of natural resources, and the other is in the institutional level, which leads to the defects in the specific institutional arrangements of the system of the right to use natural resources. These two problems are closely related to the system of the right to use natural resources. Natural resources have general attributes, such as ecological attributes, self-value and self-interest, and legal attributes such as usefulness, scarcity, dominance and so on. According to the nature of natural resources, natural resources can be divided into material resources, self-sustaining resources, environmental capacity resources, comfort resources. Because the attribute of material resources is consistent with that of natural resources in the field of property law, the natural resources in the field of property law only refer to material resources. The two concepts of the right to use natural resources and the right to use natural resources are very similar, but they are not the same concepts. The former are sub-concepts of the latter. It is a series of rights arising from the use of natural resources by non-owners on the level of real right in the narrow sense of natural resource utilization. On the basis of analyzing the present situation of our country's legal system, we can understand the specific regulations of the current legal system on the nature, the way of obtaining and the circulation of various kinds of natural resources. From these specific provisions, we can find that there are some common problems in the legal system of regulating the right to use various kinds of natural resources, that is, the nature of the right is not clear, the system of rights is chaotic, the system of circulation is not perfect, the system of registration is not perfect. The system of expropriation of rights has not been established. The result of these problems is the low degree of real right and poor circulation of the right to use natural resources, which leads to unreasonable allocation of natural resources, low efficiency of utilization, inadequate protection and other practical problems. The American natural resource property right system has made the extremely meticulous distinction to each right, each right is highly private, the administrative power will not interfere with it at will, at the same time, has also given the broad space to the right circulation. This method fully respects the basic characteristics of real right and makes private rights receive less or even not be interfered illegally by administrative power, which is conducive to the rational use of natural resources and the realization of the purpose of protection. This method of transforming the rights into real right provides a reference for perfecting the relevant system of our country. The defects of the system of the right to use natural resources in our country are the root cause of the low degree of property right of the right to use natural resources and the imperfection of disposition power and circulation. The defects of this kind of system lie not in the macroscopic legislative system, but in the specific system level. Therefore, in order to improve the system, we should start from the level of specific system arrangement. First of all, improve the specific system of property law, clear the right to dispose of the right to use natural resources, and clarify the boundary between it and other types of real rights; Then, we should perfect the right system of the right to use natural resources, and construct the system of "double level" right, that is, the right to use natural resources as carrier and the right to use natural resources as resource products, so as to lay the foundation for the management and circulation of rights. Finally, improve the rights circulation, registration and collection system, to provide legal support for the protection and marketization of rights.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.2

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