海事赔偿责任限制法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-01-27 12:54

本文关键词： 海事赔偿责任限制海事赔偿责任限制主体无船承运人海事赔偿责任限制权利海事赔偿责任限制诉讼海事赔偿责任限制程序　出处：《上海海事大学》2003年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：海事赔偿责任限制制度，是指在发生重大海损事故造成财产损失或人身伤亡时，作为责任人的船舶所有人、船舶承租人、船舶经营人和救助人等责任限制主体，可依法将其赔偿责任限制在一定限度内的赔偿制度。它有别于一般民事损害赔偿原则，是海商法所特有的保护船舶所有人、救助人等责任限制主体的法律制度。正如Denning法官对海事赔偿责任限制制度的精辟总结：“海事赔偿责任限制制度是有其历史渊源和便于审判的一项公共政策规则。它是法律所赋予的促进贸易健康发展的一项权利，，其实质则是分摊保险风险的一种途径。” 责任人若要享受海事赔偿责任限制，必须同时满足有关责任限制适用的船舶、责任限制主体、限制性债权与非限制性债权及责任限额等法定要件，并没有丧失责任限制权利的行为。否则无法限制赔偿责任。《海商法》规定，海事赔偿责任限制主体包括船舶所有人、船舶承租人、船舶经营人、救助人、责任保险人及船舶所有人、救助人的雇佣人、代理人等。笔者认为，《国际海运条例》规定的“无船承运人”作为以承运人身份经营海上运输的公共承运人，因其不拥有船舶、不经营控制船舶，区别于对船舶具有利益的船舶所有人、船舶承租人及船舶经营人等责任限制主体，从而无法限制赔偿责任。笔者认为，海事赔偿责任限制权利既可以是责任人用以对抗索赔人请求的一种“抗辩权”，又可以是责任人以单独提起海事赔偿责任限制诉讼方式行使的“请求权”。海事赔偿责任限制诉讼是责任人请求法院确认自己与请求人之间依法存在限制赔偿责任的法律关系的确认之诉。因责任人应出庭，并应依据船舶吨位而非以被扣押船舶(或其他财产)的价值为标准来计算责任限额，因此海事赔偿责任限制诉讼是对人之诉而非对物之诉。我国《海事诉讼特别程序法》只对设立海事赔偿责任限制基金程序作了规定，却未专章规定海事赔偿责任限制程序。笔者认为，通常海事赔偿责任限制具体适用程序一般应包括如下阶段：1、海事赔偿责任限制申请；2、法院审查；3、设立责任限制基金；4、公告；5、经审理，对申请人是否享受责任限制权利做出裁判。对依法可限制赔偿责任的，确定责任限额及限制性债权人名单；6、分配责任限制基金。总之，海事赔偿责任限制制度中还有许多有争议的问题亟待解决。笔者仅提出了自己的看法，不足之处敬请指正。
[Abstract]:The system of limitation of liability for maritime claims refers to the subject of liability restriction such as the owner of the ship, the charterer, the operator of the ship and the salvor as the owner of the ship, the charterer of the ship, and the salvor, when the serious average accident results in property loss or personal injury. The compensation system, which can limit its liability to a certain limit according to law, is different from the general principle of civil damage compensation, and it is a special kind of maritime law to protect the owners of ships. The legal system of the subject of liability limitation such as the salvor. Just as Judge Denning has summed up the system of limitation of liability for maritime claims: " The limitation system of maritime liability is a public policy rule which has its historical origin and is easy to judge. It is a right granted by law to promote the healthy development of trade. Its essence is a way of sharing insurance risk. " If the responsible person wants to enjoy the limitation of liability for maritime claims, he must meet the legal requirements such as the ship applicable to the limitation of liability at the same time, the subject of limitation of liability, the restricted creditor's rights and the non-restrictive creditor's rights and the limitation of liability. There is no loss of liability to limit rights. Otherwise liability cannot be limited. The Maritime Law stipulates that the subject of limitation of liability for maritime claims includes the owner of the ship, the charterer of the ship, the ship operator, the salvor, the liable insurer and the owner of the ship, and the servant of the salvor. The author thinks that the "non-ship carrier" stipulated in the International Maritime regulations is a public carrier who operates maritime transport as a carrier, because it does not own the ship and does not operate and control the ship. Different from the owner, charterer and operator of the ship, it is impossible to limit the liability. The author thinks that the limitation right of maritime claim liability can be a kind of "defense right" which can be used by the responsible person against the claimant's request. It may also be the "right of claim" exercised by the person responsible alone in bringing a limitation action for maritime claims. Liability limitation action for maritime claims is a confirmation suit by which the person responsible requests the court to confirm that there is a legal relationship between himself and the claimant in accordance with the law to limit liability for compensation. The limit of liability should be calculated on the basis of the tonnage of the ship and not on the value of the arrested ship (or other property), so the action of limitation of liability for maritime claims is a suit against a person rather than an action in rem. The Special procedure Law of Maritime Litigation of our country only provides for the procedure of establishing the limitation fund of liability for maritime claims, but does not specify the procedure of limitation of liability for maritime claims. Generally speaking, the specific application procedure of limitation of liability for maritime claims should include the following stage: 1: 1, application for limitation of liability for maritime claims; (2) Court review; (3) the establishment of a liability limitation fund; (4) announcement; 5. after trial, to make a decision on whether the applicant enjoys the rights of limitation of liability, and to determine the limit of liability and the list of restricted creditors if the liability can be restricted according to law; Allocation of liability limitation fund. In a word, there are still many controversial problems in the limitation system of maritime claims liability.
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：D922.294;D925.1

【引证文献】