海上任意责任保险下第三人直接请求权法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-01-29 03:22

本文关键词： 海上责任保险第三人第三人直接请求权　出处：《华东政法大学》2009年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 第三人对责任保险人的直接请求权制度,是对传统民法的合同相对性原则的突破,同时也是现代责任保险的立法趋势。尤其是在海上保险中,责任保险对航运业的发展起着举足轻重的作用。近年来,国际社会越来越注重保护第三人利益和社会公共利益,因此很多国际公约中都有关于海上责任保险中第三人直接请求权的规定,特别是海上强制责任险,世界上许多国家的国内法也做了相应规定。但是,这并不代表海上强制责任险能够全面替代任意责任保险。本文第一章主要是对海上任意责任保险下第三人直接请求权制度中的相关概念进行了界定,对第三人的定义、范围以及何谓第三人直接请求权进行了明确。本文的第二章主要是对海上任意责任保险下第三人行使直接请求权的条件进行了研究,通过对英美法院的判例进行分析,明确了此处第三人的直接请求权并不是绝对的,必须在被保险人对第三人的赔偿责任在保险人的承保范围内,且保险人失去偿付能力的前提下,第三人方能直接向保险人请求赔偿。但是,事先并不要求第三人先行经诉讼、仲裁或和解协议等确认被保险人对其负有赔偿责任。本文的第三章主要是探讨了海上责任保险下第三人行使直接请求权的限制,即保险人享有的对抗第三人的抗辩事由。保险人可以以对抗被保险人的理由来抗辩第三人的直接请求权,除了只有被保险人才能履行的或是出于客观原因不能履行的合同条款等。此外,保险人也得以援引被保险人对抗第三人的抗辩事由,如责任限制的规定。但是,保赔协会的“先付条款”不能成为保险人对抗第三人直接请求权的理由。最后,笔者发现,在我国立法中第三人直接请求权的规定十分少,甚至可以说几乎没有,《海商法》、《保险法》中均没有直接的明确规定,仅有的《海事诉讼特别程序法》规定也过于原则,可操作性不强,这与海上责任保险的发展趋势是不相符的。因此,有必要在我国《海商法》中明确规定海上任意责任保险下的第三人直接请求权制度,借鉴英国法,设立一套完善的制度,以期更好地与国际接轨,切实保护第三人利益,顺应海上责任保险的发展趋势,为我国从海运大国走向海运强国提供法律保障。
[Abstract]:The system of direct claim of the third party against the liability insurer is a breakthrough to the principle of relativity of contract in the traditional civil law, and is also the legislative trend of modern liability insurance, especially in marine insurance. Liability insurance plays an important role in the development of shipping industry. In recent years, the international community has paid more and more attention to the protection of the interests of third parties and social public interests. Therefore, many international conventions have provisions on the right of direct claim of the third party in marine liability insurance, especially compulsory liability insurance at sea, and the domestic laws of many countries in the world have also made corresponding provisions. This does not mean that marine compulsory liability insurance can completely replace arbitrary liability insurance. The first chapter defines the related concepts in the system of direct claim of the third party under the marine arbitrary liability insurance, and defines the definition, scope and what is the direct claim of the third party. The second chapter mainly studies the conditions of the third party exercising the right of direct claim under the marine arbitrary liability insurance, through the analysis of the case law of British and American courts. It is clear that the direct claim of the third party here is not absolute, must be in the insurant's liability to the third party in the insurer's scope of insurance, and the insurer is unable to pay the premise. The third party can claim compensation directly from the insurer. However, the third party is not required to confirm the insurant's liability in advance by litigation, arbitration or settlement agreement. The third chapter mainly discusses the limitation of the third party to exercise the right of direct claim under marine liability insurance. That is, the insurer enjoys the defense against the third party. The insurer can defend the direct claim of the third party on the basis of the reason against the insured. In addition to only the insured person can perform or for objective reasons can not perform the terms of the contract. In addition, the insurer can also invoke the insurant against the third party defense, such as the provisions of liability limit. The prepayment clause cannot be the reason for the insurer's direct claim against the third party. Finally, the author found that in the legislation of our country, the provisions of the direct claim of the third party are very few, or even almost no, "Maritime Law", "Insurance Law" are not directly clear provisions. The only provisions of the Special procedure Law for Maritime Proceedings are also too principled and not operable, which is inconsistent with the development trend of marine liability insurance. It is necessary to clearly stipulate the system of the third party's direct claim under the marine arbitrary liability insurance in the Maritime Law of our country, learn from the English law, set up a set of perfect system, in order to better connect with the international. To protect the interests of the third party, to conform to the development trend of marine liability insurance, to provide legal protection for our country from a major maritime country to a maritime power.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D922.284

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