我国船舶油污损害赔偿责任的承担及建立赔偿责任机制刍议

发布时间：2018-03-10 14:12

本文选题：法律适用　切入点：碰撞　出处：《上海海事大学》2006年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：船舶油污造成的损害，常使财产、环境等遭受难以承受和难以恢复的损失。所以无论是国际方面还是各个石油进出口大国都有制订相关的船舶油污损害赔偿机制，以期将补偿和责任控制在最合理有效的范围内。我国作为石油进出口大国至今没有形成完整的油污损害赔偿机制。相关的法律分布在不同的法律、法规中，因为每部法律、法规的立法都有自己的目的，因而实际引用时经常出现理解上的误差或不统一。本文将从我国油污损害赔偿案件的司法实践出发，从多个角度分析我国在没有建立起专门的油污立法前的法律适用以及在碰撞引起的油污事故时的责任承担原则，其中将涉及油污法律关系的诸多性质和特点以及其民事责任承担上的特点。笔者认为油污损害赔偿属于我国《海商法》规定的限制性债权，可以依据《海商法》第11章的规定限制责任，同时应明确含有涉外因素的油污损害赔偿适用我国已参加的《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约》及1992年议定书。因碰撞导致的油污事故应遵循“谁漏油谁赔偿”以及连带责任的原则，因为碰撞和油污损害是两个不同的法律关系。当然，解决我国油污损害赔偿案件中存在问题的最根本方法是在理论上充分理清其性质和特点以后，借鉴国际公约和各成熟的油污损害赔偿机制，依据我国的现有国情，制订适合我国的独立的油污损害赔偿机制。本文将介绍国际上国际公约体系和两个典型的依国内法建立起来的成熟完整的船舶油污赔偿责任机制．国际海事组织(IMO)先后制订了以下有关油污损害赔偿的国际公约：《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约》规定了油污损害民事责任和赔偿的基础；《1971年国际油污损害赔偿责任基金公约》规定了由石油进出口公司摊款向油污受害人提供补充性赔偿；《1996年国际海上运输有毒有害物质损害责任和赔偿公约》和《2001年国际燃油污染损害民事责任公约》分别就非持久性油类和船用燃油的污染事故做出了相关民事责任的规定。这几个国际公约共同构建了国际油污损害赔偿责任机制，奠定了国际油污损害赔偿机制的基石。除了国际公约体系外，还有依照国内法建立的赔偿机制，比如完全依照国内一整套油污赔偿机制运转的美国以及将国际条约与国内立法相结合的加拿大的赔偿机制。这些赔偿机制基本上是以油污责任人的严格责任制，责任人的责任限制，船舶所有人的强制保险和赔偿基金为基本内容的。依照我国现有的国情，我国适宜借鉴如美国的完全按照国内法建立起来的船舶油污损害赔偿责任机制。只不过我国目前的赔偿水平还比较低，在责任限额和补偿基金以及强制保险等诸多方面的设立上都应以我国的国情为基础进行调查研究并加以确定。
[Abstract]:Damage caused by oil pollution from ships often causes unbearable and unrecoverable losses to property and environment. Therefore, both international and major oil importing and exporting countries have formulated relevant mechanisms for compensation for oil pollution damage from ships. In order to control compensation and liability in the most reasonable and effective range. China, as a major oil import and export country, has not yet formed a complete compensation mechanism for oil pollution damage. Relevant laws are distributed in different laws and regulations, because each law and regulation legislation has its own purpose. Therefore, there are often errors or inconsistency in understanding when actually quoted. This paper will proceed from the judicial practice of oil pollution compensation cases in our country. This paper analyzes the principle of liability in the event of oil pollution accident caused by collision in our country before the establishment of special oil pollution legislation. The author thinks that the compensation for oil pollution damage belongs to the restrictive creditor's rights stipulated in the Maritime Law of our country. May limit liability in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 11 of the Maritime Code, At the same time, it should be made clear that the compensation for oil pollution damage involving foreign factors should be applied to the International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage of 1969 and the Protocol of 1992, to which China is a party. And the principle of joint and several liability, Because collision and oil pollution damage are two different legal relationships. Of course, the most fundamental way to solve the problems in oil pollution compensation cases in China is to fully clarify their nature and characteristics in theory. Drawing lessons from international conventions and mature compensation mechanisms for oil pollution damage, an independent compensation mechanism for oil pollution damage suitable for our country is formulated according to the existing conditions of our country. This paper will introduce the system of international conventions and two typical mature and complete liability mechanisms for oil pollution from ships established in accordance with domestic law. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has successively drawn up the following international regulations on compensation for oil pollution damage. Convention: the International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage of 1969 provides the basis for civil liability and compensation for oil pollution damage; the Convention on the International Fund for liability for Oil pollution damage of 1971 provides for the payment of contributions by the Oil Import and Export Corporation to the victims of oil pollution. Provision of supplementary compensation; the Convention on liability and compensation for damage to the International Carriage of toxic and harmful substances by Sea of 1996 and the International Convention on Civil liability for Oil pollution damage of 2001 in respect of non-persistent oil and marine fuel pollution accidents, respectively. The relevant provisions on civil liability. These international conventions jointly set up an international liability mechanism for oil pollution damage. Established the cornerstone of the international oil pollution compensation mechanism. In addition to the international convention system, there are also compensation mechanisms established in accordance with domestic law. For example, the United States, which operates entirely in accordance with the domestic oil pollution compensation mechanism, and the Canadian compensation mechanism, which combines international treaties with domestic legislation. These compensation mechanisms are basically based on strict accountability of those responsible for oil pollution. The liability of the responsible person is limited, and the compulsory insurance and compensation fund for the owner of the ship is the basic content. According to the current situation of our country, our country is suitable to learn from the liability mechanism for oil pollution damage of ships established in full accordance with domestic law in the United States. However, the current level of compensation in our country is still relatively low. The establishment of liability limit, compensation fund and compulsory insurance should be based on the situation of our country.
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：D922.294;D923

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