船舶抵押权若干问题探讨

发布时间：2018-04-26 14:53

本文选题：船舶所有人 + 物上代位　；参考：《上海海运学院》2001年硕士论文

【摘要】： 航运业是项需要巨大资金来维持并促进的海上贸易活动。其中船舶虽为动产，但其价值却是极为昂贵，甚至可达上亿美元。通常，一个船公司是不可能有大量的流动资金用来购置一艘船，因此船舶所有人急需要向银行或其他资本市场借入资金。出于船舶融资的需要而导致船舶信贷制度的出现，以及本质虽为动产但却具极强的不动产性的船舶的特殊属性，各国仿照不动产之抵押，另行创立了船舶抵押权制度。船舶上可以设立抵押权，，且需要在国家指定的机构进行登记，以进行公示。因此，船舶抵押法律关系不仅要遵从于民法上关于抵押权的一般法律规定，更要就船舶的性质及航运实务的需要对其作出促进航运实践发展的特定的规范。反观我国目前有关船舶抵押权的立法，笔者以为，在体系的完善上、某些法条的规定上都存在欠妥当的地方。而且针对目前正在制订《物权法》的现状，笔者以为有必要澄清担保物权之一—船舶抵押权某些方面的问题。本文并未论及抵押权的方方面面，而分章节就其某些方面较突出的问题进行了一定的探讨和研究。本文共分六章。第一章就设定船舶抵押权的有关当事人的确定方面的问题作出了详细的分析和解构。从船舶为一人和数人所有的区别点出发，主要说明了船舶共有及新建船关系中船舶抵押权设定的主体情况，并对船舶抵押中真实船东应承担的责任作出分析。第二章接下来就对船舶抵押权的客体，也即是船舶抵押标的范围的确定问题，提出一定探讨。并认为，除了包括传统上的抵押船舶外，还应当包括运费、租金等，以及根据船舶抵押权物上代位之性质，将对第三人的损害赔偿请求权、共同海还损费用请求权以及对船东的救助报酬请求权皆应及于船舶抵押权物上代位的范围之内。第三章着眼于船舶抵押权的主要特性之一—优先受偿所受到的限制。并指出，以保险制度来解决船舶优先权与船舶留置权的问题是不现实的。同时，笔者还以为，在多个未经登记的船舶抵押权并存时，应是按债权比例同时受偿。另外，当船东设定抵押的行为已侵犯其债权人利益，已符合《合同法》中撤销权的构成要件时，笔者以为这将对抗船舶抵押权的效力。第四章就目前民法学界对抵押物转让效力之研究，认为：无论在法律逻船舶抵押权若干问题探讨辑上还是在航运业的实践中，取消抵押权人对己经转让的抵押船舶的追及权都是不现实的：但为保护抵押船舶的受让人的权利，根据船舶及其权利的特性，可赋予其代价清偿或参与拍卖的方式以取得一清洁的船舶物权。第五章针对目前对抵押期限未有任何法律规定的情形，认为，为促进船舶融资事业的发展，有必要就船舶抵押期限在法律上规定出一权利行使的除斥期间。同时，也有必要完善物权法中的时效、期间制度。第六章对船舶抵押纠纷的管辖进行了一定的分析，并提出，根据民诉法及海诉法的最新规定，因主债权纠纷而提出的船舶抵押权这一从权利的实现问题，即使一般地方法院己经就主合同纠纷作出审理，但船舶抵押纠纷仍应提交与海事法院管辖。正如前所述，本文并无意于就船舶抵押权的产生、消灭及效力等所有问题作出探讨，但就抵押权立法上的一些尚须澄清的问题，以及船舶抵押权在理论上和实务中应用时尚须解决的问题作出自己的一点思考和解答，并寄希望于正在制订中的《物权法》和以后修改的《海商法》中能解决其中提出的一些问题。
[Abstract]:The shipping industry is a sea trade activity that requires huge funds to maintain and promote.
For movable property, its value is extremely expensive, even up to hundreds of millions of dollars. Usually, a shipping company
It is impossible for a large number of liquid funds to be used to purchase a ship, so the owner of the ship is in urgent need of silver.
Borrowing funds from banks or other capital markets. The ship credit system is caused by the need for ship financing.
And the special properties of ships that are essentially movable, but highly immovable, countries.
Following the mortgage of real estate, a ship mortgage system has been created. Mortgage can be established on ships.
It is necessary to register in the designated institutions of the state for publicity. Therefore, the law of ship mortgage is concerned.
The Department should obey not only the general legal provisions of mortgage law in civil law, but also the nature of ships.
The need for shipping practice makes specific specifications for promoting the development of shipping practice.
In view of our current legislation on mortgage of ships, I believe that in the improvement of the system,
There are some shortcomings in the provisions of certain articles of law.
In the present situation, I think it is necessary to clarify one aspect of the security interest -- some aspects of ship mortgage.
This article does not deal with all aspects of mortgage rights, but the chapter highlights some of its outstanding problems.
A certain discussion and research have been done.
This article is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter gives a detailed account of the determination of the parties involved in setting up the mortgage of ships.
Analysis and deconstruction. Starting from the differences between ships for one person and several persons, the main point is the ship.
The main body of the mortgage is set up in the relationship between the common and new ships, and the real ship is mortgaged.
The responsibilities of the East should be analyzed.
The second chapter is about the determination of the scope of ship mortgage.
The problem is discussed and it is considered that besides the traditional mortgage ships, it should also be included.
Including freight, rent, etc., and damage to the third party according to the nature of subrogation on the mortgage of ship.
The right to claim damages, the right to claim damages in common seas, and the right to claim compensation for salvage payments to shipowners should be granted.
It is within the scope of the subrogation of the ship's mortgages.
The third chapter focuses on one of the main characteristics of ship mortgage, namely, the limitation of priority compensation.
It is pointed out that it is unrealistic to solve the problem of maritime lien and ship lien with the insurance system.
At the same time, the author also thought that when a number of unregistered ship mortgage rights coexist, it should be based on the proportion of claims.
At the same time, in addition, when the owner's mortgage behavior has violated the interests of his creditors, he has already met the requirements of the agreement.
In the same law, I think it will be against the validity of ship mortgage.
The fourth chapter studies the effectiveness of the transfer of collateral in the civil law field.
Discussion on several problems of ship mortgage
In addition, in the practice of shipping industry, the mortgages of the mortgaged ships transferred to the mortgages have been cancelled.
The right is unrealistic: but in order to protect the rights of the mortgaged ship, according to the ship and its rights
The characteristics of a ship can be paid for or paid for in order to obtain a clean ship property.
In the fifth chapter, in view of the fact that there is no legal provision for the term of mortgage, it is considered that
In the development of ship financing, it is necessary to stipulate a right exercise in the law of ship mortgage period.
At the same time, it is necessary to perfect the prescription system in the property law.
The sixth chapter analyzes the jurisdiction of the dispute of ship mortgage, and proposes that according to the civil litigation
The latest provisions of the law and the sea litigation law, the right to mortgage of ships arising from disputes over principal claims.
To realize the problem, even if the general local court has tried to hear the dispute of the main contract, the mortgage of the ship shall be rectify.
Disputes should still be submitted to the maritime court.
As mentioned before, this article does not intend to produce, destroy and effect ship mortgage.
The issue is discussed, but some issues that need to be clarified in mortgage legislation and ship mortgage are also clarified.
The right to make some thoughts and answers to the problems that must be solved in the application of fashion in theory and practice.
It is hoped that it can be solved in the "property law" under development and in the revised maritime law.
Some of the questions put forward.

【学位授予单位】：上海海运学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2001
【分类号】：D996

【引证文献】