英美法善意原则研究

发布时间：2018-05-16 22:16

本文选题：善意 + 善意履行　；参考：《山东大学》2006年博士论文

【摘要】：本文以英美法中的善意原则尤其是善意购买为研究对象，全文围绕英美法中关于善意的相关规定，就商法领域中有关善意的理论和实务问题进行了分析和论证，文章的每部分各有侧重，较为全面地介绍了美国法学界对善意的不同层面的认识和理解，同时对美国法学史上不同时期的必读权威作品亦进行了介绍和评述。全文共分九章。第一章是“善意：U．C．C．中的内涵及外延”。法典中的善意是指“当事人的有关行为或者在有关交易中事实上的诚实”，它至少包含三重含义：1、事实上的诚实；2、商人应遵守合理的商业准则：3、克服某种障碍的适当注意或勤勉。在涉及不同的交易主体时，对善意的要求也就各不相同，一般说来，善意对商人要求的程度比非商人高。另外，实务中有将善意的主观判断标准向客观判断标准转变的趋势。第二章是“善意：一般义务之认定及其不可定义性”。“善意”概念充分满足了各种相关标准，它可以保证对合意的忠实遵守，实现双方当事人的合理预期，并捍卫社会正义、公平和理性。但它不是一个包含正面内容的概念，相反它是一个“排除器”式的概念，它排除了一系列的“恶意”情形，而且对“恶意”情形进行详细列举也是不可能的。试图对“善意”下定义注定要失败。尽管“善意”存在被滥用的道德主义风险，但由于其自身的优越性和对社会的增益作用，因而冒险也值得。第三章是“善意：标准化条款可执行性之前提”。标准化合同具有“抽象概括性”和“单方性”两个特点，因而易产生“出乎意料的契约”和“不平衡性”，破坏了传统合同法中的很多规则。为保护标准化合同非起草人的合理预期和利益，确保标准化条款的可执行性，本文提出了善意原则在标准化条款执行中的四条判断标准：1、非起草人是否因被讨论的标准条款而对合同客体享有具体的利益或预期；2、这种利益是否在法律上可以被认识；3、起草人是否认识到了该预期或利益；4、起草人是否不适当地忽视了该预期或利益。四个方面答案皆为肯定时，恶意便可确定，从而使标准化条款不具备可执行性，反之，则具备可执行性。第四章是“善意履行：商业合理性之客观标准”。商业合理性经常和善意联系在一起来界定商人的善意，，商业合理性作为客观标准对善意履行的判定非常重要，该标准是基于社会公众的正义、公平和合理性而不是基于单个人关于什么是正义、公平或合理的信念所形成的，因而，对商人而言，不仅要求事实上诚实，还应遵守有关公平交易的合
[Abstract]:This paper takes the principle of good faith, especially the bona fide purchase, in common law as the research object, and analyzes and demonstrates the theory and practice of good faith in the field of commercial law around the relevant provisions of good faith in the field of commercial law. Each part of the article has its own emphases, which comprehensively introduces the understanding and understanding of American legal circles on different levels of goodwill, and also introduces and comments on the required reading of authoritative works in different periods in the history of American law. The full text is divided into nine chapters. The first chapter is "Goodwill: U. C. C." The connotation and extension of "." Good faith in the Code refers to "the parties' related conduct or de facto honesty in the relevant transaction", It contains at least a threefold meaning: 1, de facto honest, and the merchant should obey the reasonable business rule of: 3, appropriate care or diligence to overcome certain obstacles. When dealing with different trading subjects, the requirements of goodwill are different. Generally speaking, goodwill demands higher degree of business than non-businessman. In addition, there is a tendency to change the subjective judgment standard of goodwill to the objective judgment standard in practice. The second chapter is "good faith: the determination of general obligation and its indefinability". The concept of "good will" fully meets all kinds of relevant standards. It can guarantee faithful adherence to agreement, realize the reasonable expectation of both parties, and defend social justice, fairness and rationality. But it is not a concept that contains positive content, on the contrary, it is an "excluder" concept, it excludes a series of "malicious" situations, and it is impossible to enumerate "malicious" situations in detail. Attempts to define "good will" are doomed to failure. Although "good will" has the risk of being abused, it is worth the risk because of its own superiority and social benefits. The third chapter is "good faith: the premise of the enforceability of standardized clauses". Standardized contract is characterized by "abstract generality" and "unilateral", so it is easy to produce "unexpected contract" and "imbalance", which destroys many rules in traditional contract law. To protect the reasonable expectations and interests of non-drafters of standardized contracts and to ensure the enforceability of standardized provisions, In this paper, the author puts forward four judgment criteria of the principle of good faith in the implementation of standardized clauses: 1, whether the non-drafters have specific interests or expectations for the object of the contract as a result of the standard clauses under discussion, and whether this interest can be legally possible. Is the drafter aware of the expectation or interest, and whether the drafter has improperly neglected the expectation or interest. When all four answers are yes, malice can be determined, so that standardized clauses are not executable and vice versa. Chapter four is "performance in good faith: an objective standard of commercial rationality". Commercial rationality is often associated with good intentions to define the goodwill of businessmen. As an objective criterion, commercial rationality is very important to the judgment of bona fide performance, which is based on the justice of the public. Fairness and reasonableness are not based on a single person's belief in what justice, fairness or reasonableness are, and therefore, for a businessman, not only to be de facto honest, but also to observe the right to a fair deal.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：D913

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