我国船舶油污损害民事责任主体的法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-09 17:20

本文选题：船舶 + 油污损害　；参考：《西南政法大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着我国对外开放的深化,对外经贸往来也愈加频繁,随之也带动了航运业的发展。而航运业中除了传统的船货风险之外,船舶溢油事故也随着船舶的大型化,以及当今社会环保意识的增强而成为了航运业的又一主要需要防控的风险之一。我国对于船舶溢油风险防控的法律机制采取“双轨制”,但由于我国国内法没有针对船舶油污损害赔偿方面的专门立法,在船舶油污损害赔偿纠纷发生时,国际法与国内法的衔接,以及在须适用国内法进行处理的国内案件中,就面临着诸多困境。在侵权损害赔偿责任纠纷中,民事责任主体作为民事法律责任归结的中心问题就成为了需要首先解决的问题。特别是在船舶油污损害赔偿责任纠纷中,单方责任情形下,究竟应当由船舶所有人、船舶经营人、船舶承租人等中的哪一主体承担责任;在船舶为内河船舶时有可能涉及到船舶挂靠之情形,此时船舶的实际所有人与船舶的登记所有人不同时,又应当如何确定责任主体。在多方责任的情形下,两船或多船碰撞造成多船漏油应当如何处理?两船或多船造成一船漏油的情形下,非漏油船舶是否应当承担赔偿责任?而在确定的民事责任主体无法承担相应责任时,保险人或者财务担保人是否可以被作为直接诉讼的对象?在确定的民事责任主体未对油污风险进行投保且不能足额赔偿时,是否有第二层保障机制对该责任进行补偿?我国法律对于以上问题还没有提供较为清晰明确的指引。本文约四万余字,除引言和结语外,共分为五个部分。第一部分:船舶油污损害的民事法律责任的形式、基础与特征。由于本文主要针对船舶油污损害赔偿纠纷中的民事责任主体进行研究,因而在对船舶油污损害赔偿的民事法律责任进行法律分析时,选取了以责任主体数量为分类标准的单方主体与多方主体来对该种法律责任进行分析。船舶油污损害赔偿的民事法律责任的责任形式又与环境法和海商法、一般民事侵权法的不同的责任基础有关。而船舶油污损害的民事法律责任的责任基础又有其特殊性:以严格责任与过错责任混合作为归责原则;为了平衡该种法律责任的预防、惩罚、补偿和教育功能,责任的承担形式表现出一定的社会化。第二部分:船舶油污损害民事法律责任的责任主体范围、责任与免责的国际国内法律规定。本部分主要通过对于相关国际公约以及美国、英国等航运发达国家有关船舶油污损害民事法律责任的责任主体的立法设计的分析,探究其立法设计的目的,从而对我国相关立法设计借鉴的可能性进行分析。第三部分:我国船舶油污损害民事责任主体之范围、责任与免责的研究。本部分接续第二部分,主要针对我国司法实践中针对不符合国际公约适用条件下的船舶油污损害赔偿纠纷的三种处理方式中涉及到的民事责任主体范围、责任与免责的确定上存在问题进行的剖析,以明晰在司法实践中针对船舶油污损害赔偿纠纷处理时的不同着力点。第四部分:我国在确定船舶油污损害的民事责任主体范围、责任与免责时存在的若干问题。本部分主要针对我国在关于船舶油污损害的民事责任主体的范围、责任与免责的民事法律规范中出现的制度空白或制度模糊进行分析。第五部分:完善我国船舶油污损害民事责任主体相关规定的若干建议。本部分是在前述分析归纳我国船舶油污损害民事责任主体相关立法及司法实践中出现的问题的基础上,有针对性的分别就确定相关民事责任主体的法律依据的统一和完善、责任限制基金的程序性规定以及风险分担机制的完善、我国船舶油污损害赔偿基金制度的细化与完善等方面提出了改善建议。
[Abstract]:With the deepening of China's opening to the outside world, the exchange of foreign trade and trade is becoming more frequent, as well as the development of the shipping industry. In addition to the traditional shipping risk, the ship's oil spill accident is also a major risk for the shipping industry, with the large scale of the ship and the enhancement of the awareness of environmental protection in today's society. First, our country adopts a "double track system" for the legal mechanism of the risk prevention and control of ships' oil spill, but because the domestic law has no special legislation on compensation for oil pollution damage in ships, the connection between international law and domestic law in the case of compensation for oil pollution damage in ships, and in domestic cases where the domestic law should be applied to the domestic law There are many difficulties. In the dispute of liability for damages in tort, the subject of civil liability as the central question of the civil liability is the first problem to be solved. In particular, in the case of the liability for compensation for oil pollution damage in ships, the owner of the ship, the ship operator, the ship lessee, etc. Which subject in the ship is responsible; in the case that the ship is a inland ship, it may involve the case of the ship's attachment. At this time, the actual owner of the ship is different from the registered owner of the ship, and how should we determine the subject of responsibility. In the case of multiple responsibilities, how to deal with the oil leakage caused by the collision of two ships or multiple ships? Two ships or more. Is a non oil leaking vessel responsible for a ship leaking in the case of a ship, and when the subject of civil liability cannot bear the corresponding liability, can the insurer or financial guarantor be used as the object of direct litigation? When the subject of civil liability is not insured against the oil pollution risk and can not be compensated in full, Whether there are second layers of security mechanism to compensate for the responsibility? China's law has not provided clear and clear guidance to the above problems. This article is divided into five parts in addition to the introduction and conclusion. The first part: the form, foundation and characteristics of the civil legal liability for oil pollution damage to ships. The subject of civil liability in the oil pollution damage compensation dispute is studied. Therefore, in the legal analysis of the civil legal liability of the compensation for oil pollution damage to the ship, the legal responsibility of the kind of legal responsibility for the compensation for oil pollution damage of ships is analyzed. The liability form is also related to the basis of the different responsibilities of the environmental law and the maritime law and the general civil tort law. And the liability basis of the civil legal liability for oil pollution damage to the ship has its particularity: the combination of strict liability and fault liability as the principle of liability; in order to balance the prevention, punishment, compensation and educational functions of the legal liability of this kind, The second part: the scope of liability subject to the civil legal liability for oil pollution damage to ships and the international and domestic legal provisions of liability and exemption. This part mainly passes the responsibility of the relevant international conventions and the United States, Britain and other developed countries on the civil legal liability of oil pollution damage to ships. The analysis of the legislative design of the subject, explores the purpose of its legislative design, and then analyzes the possibility of drawing lessons from the relevant legislative design of our country. The third part: the scope of the subject of civil liability for oil pollution damage in China's ships, the study of responsibility and disclaimer. This part is followed by the second part, which is mainly aimed at the non conformity of our country in the judicial practice. In the three ways of dealing with compensation for oil pollution damage to ships under the Convention, the scope of civil liability subject, the determination of liability and exemption are analyzed in order to clarify different focus points for the handling of oil pollution compensation disputes in judicial practice. The fourth part: China is determining ship oil. The scope of the subject of civil liability for pollution damage, responsibility and disclaimer. This part is mainly aimed at the analysis of the system blank or system fuzzy in the scope of the subject of civil liability for oil pollution damage to the ship, the system blank or the fuzzy system in the civil legal norms of responsibility and exemption. The fifth part: perfecting the civil oil pollution damage civil in our country On the basis of the analysis and induction of the problems arising from the relevant legislation and judicial practice of the subject of civil liability for oil pollution damage in China, this part is based on the unification and perfection of the legal basis for determining the subject of the relevant civil liability, and the procedural provisions of the liability limitation fund. As well as the improvement of risk sharing mechanism, suggestions for improvement and improvement of China's oil pollution compensation fund system are put forward.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.294

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