保险法中的保证制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-11 19:22

本文选题：保险 + 保证　；参考：《西南政法大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 保险中的保证制度是英美法中的一项制度，被认为是保险合同最大诚信原则的重要内容之一。该制度要求被保险人承诺在保险期间内对某种特定事项的作为或不作为，或肯定或否定某些事实，特定情况的存在。保险中的保证(warranty)最早起源于英国海上保险实践，后来法官在判例中确认了保证制度，尤其是Mansfield大法官在一系列关于保证的判例中的阐述确立了极具形式主义的保证制度。经过在保险市场中的长期发展，目前英美等国已经建立了完善的保证制度体系，包括保证的定义、种类、法律性质、保证义务的免除、保险人的弃权、明示保证的构成要件，并对海上保险中作为默示保证内容的适航保证和合法性保证作了明确规定。在现代海上保险的发源地英国，其《1906年海上保险法》从第33条到第41条共用九条规定了有关保证的定义、种类、内容和法律后果等事项，占全部篇幅的近十分之一。保证制度在保险实践中也得到了广泛的运用，尤其是在海上保险中。英国海上保险法中的保证条款是合同中的书面条款。保证制度的核心是保证的严格履行原则。保证条款必须按照字面严格履行，被保险人违反保证的行为与所发生的损失即使无关，保险人仍可据此免责。保证条款对于承保风险有无实质意义在所不问。即使保险人保证的内容并不会增加保险标的的风险，被保险人仍然需要承担保证被违反的责任。保证制度最初的目的在于控制危险，因此保险保证制度被认为是保险合同最大诚信原则的重要内容之一，具有重要意义。对于单个保险合同来说，保证可以确保对保险标的良好管理得以贯彻以及投保人或被保险人未经保险人同意不进行某些风险较大的活动，从而降低道德风险，增强被保险人管理保险标的的责任。对于整个保险业来说，如果被保险人不严格遵守保证，就会造成保险人对保险标的的风险估计失实，引起社会保险基金积累不足，导致保险费率的提高，增加其他诚实被保险人的负担，并最终影响保险人的偿付能力，造成整个保险业的不良发展。保险市场发展到今天，人们渐渐发现这一制度在保护保险人利益的同时却给被保险人带来了不利益，保证逐渐变成了保险人逃避责任的手段。现代通讯技术和保险科学的发展使得原来保险合同中保险人仅能依靠被保险人的保证来控制风险的情形发生了变化；保险人已经在合同关系中变成了强势的一方。保证产生之初的控制风险的作用已大打折扣，保险人常因为被保险人对保证的轻微违反而免责。尤其是其中的严格履行原则，受到了广泛的批评，人们认为过于严厉的严格履行原则造成了保险人与被保险人之间利益分配的不平衡。各国立法均开始对保证制度的严厉后果采取各种措施加以软化。学者们对于保证制度所持的态度虽各有不同，但大多数是倾向于更多地保护被保险人的利益。我国现行《保险法》未规定保证制度，《海商法》第235条以一个条文概括地规定了保证制度。我国《保险法》主要体现了大陆法系的特征，而《海商法》则多体现了英美海商法的特征。在我国的海上保险实践中，保证条款的运用也是非常频繁的。然而，因为我国缺乏比较完善和科学的海上保险保证制度，目前我国海上保险业务中海上风险和道德风险较高。因此，构建我国海上保险保证制度仍具有理论和现实的意义。如何将起源、发展和成熟于英国的保证制度移植到我国，需要考虑与我国法律体系的融合。故本文从公平的角度，通过历史和比较的方法，详细介绍了英国保险法中保证制度的渊源、法律特征、基本制度内容，分析了保证制度存在的缺陷，并结合有关国家的法例和司法实践对保证制度的改革进行了探讨。在此基础上，结合我国实际情况，针对我国保险保证制度的缺陷，提出在我国应当区别海上保险和非海上保险分别对待。在海上保险领域，则有必要与世界上大多数国家保持一致，系统而全面地规定保证制度；而非海上保险则无适用保证制度的必要。本文最后结合海上保险中保证制度的未来发展趋势，对我国海上保险立法提出相应的修改建议。第一部分界定了保证的法律性质，并从保证制度的产生出发，论证了保证存在的理论基础。保证的法律性质根据保证条款是属于承诺性保证或是属于确认性保证而有所不同。在英美法中，承诺性保证属于合同的后续条件，确认性保证属于合同的先决条件。第二部分的第一至六部分以《1906年海上保险法》和部分判例为依据，介绍了英国保证制度的基本内容。其中包括保证的分类、认定、解释规则、履行原则、违反保证的后果以及弃权和续保。第七部分介绍了英国外的其他国家和地区保险法中的保证制度。第三部分分析了传统保证制度的发展趋势。传统保证制度因为其严格性和对被保险人的不公，在当今社会饱受诟病。为此，关于保证制度的存废，出现了维持传统保证制度不变、完全废除传统保证制度和修改传统保证制度三种观点。第四部分构建了我国的保证制度。认为在非海上保险领域，不必建立保证制度，而在海上保险领域应当建立保证制度。文章分析了现有《海商法》中关于保证规定的不足，并进一步提出了完善的建议。
[Abstract]:The guarantee system in insurance is a system in Anglo American law, which is considered as one of the most important elements of the principle of maximum integrity in insurance contracts. The system requires the insured to commit or not act on a particular item in the insurance period, or to affirm or negate certain facts. The guarantee (warranty) in the insurance is the most important. It originated in the practice of British Maritime Insurance. Later, the judge confirmed the guarantee system in the case, especially the Mansfield judge set up a formalistic guarantee system in a series of precedents about the guarantee. After the long-term development in the insurance market, the United Kingdom and the United States have established a perfect system of guarantee system. It includes the definition, type, nature of the law, the exemption of the obligation, the abstention of the insurer, the requisites of the express guarantee, and the clear provision of the seaworthiness guarantee and the guarantee of the validity as the implied warranty in marine insurance. In the birthplace of modern marine insurance, the marine insurance law of <1906 is from thirty-third to forty-first. The nine articles have stipulated the definitions, types, contents and legal consequences of the guarantee, which account for nearly 1/10 of the total space. The guarantee system has also been widely used in the practice of insurance, especially in marine insurance.
The guarantee clause in the British Maritime Insurance Law is the written clause in the contract. The core of the guarantee system is the strict implementation principle of guarantee. The guarantee clause must be strictly performed in accordance with the letter. The insurer can not be disclaimer if the insured violates the guarantee, even if it has nothing to do with the loss. The guarantee clause is essential to the risk of underwriting. Meaning is not asked. Even if the content insured does not increase the risk of the insured object, the insured still needs to take the responsibility to ensure that he is violated.
The initial purpose of the guarantee system is to control the danger, so the insurance guarantee system is considered to be one of the important elements of the maximum integrity principle of the insurance contract, which is of great significance. For a single insurance contract, the guarantee can ensure that the good management of the insurance target is carried out and the insured or the insured without the insurer's consent. For the whole insurance industry, if the insured does not strictly abide by the guarantee, it will cause the insurer to estimate the risk of the risk of the insurance, and cause the insufficient accumulation of the social insurance fund, which leads to the increase of the insurance rate. The burden of other honest insurers will ultimately affect the solvency of the insurers, resulting in the undesirable development of the entire insurance industry.
With the development of the insurance market, it is gradually discovered that the system has brought the insurant's non profit while protecting the insurer's interests. The guarantee has gradually become the means for the insurer to avoid the responsibility. The development of modern communication technology and insurance science makes the insurer in the original insurance contract only depend on the guarantee of the insured. The situation of risk making has changed; the insurer has become a strong party in the contract relationship. The effect of guaranteeing the initial control risk has been discounted. The insurer often exempts the insured from the minor violation of the guarantee. In particular, the strict performance principle has been widely criticized, and people think too strict. The strict principle of strict performance has caused an imbalance in the distribution of interests between the insurer and the insured. All legislation has begun to take various measures to soften the severe consequences of the guarantee system. Although the attitude of the scholars to the guarantee system is different, most of them tend to protect the interests of the insured.
China's current insurance law does not stipulate the system of guarantee. The 235th article of maritime law stipulates the guarantee system in one article. The insurance law of China mainly embodies the characteristics of the continental law system, while the maritime law embodies the characteristics of the British and American Maritime Law. In the practice of marine insurance in our country, the application of the guarantee clause is also very frequent. However, because our country lacks more perfect and scientific marine insurance guarantee system, the maritime insurance business of our country is at high risk and moral risk at sea. Therefore, it is still of theoretical and practical significance to construct the insurance system of marine insurance in our country.
How to transplant the guarantee system of origin, development and maturity to our country, we need to consider the integration of the legal system of our country. This article, from a fair point of view, introduces the origin, the legal characteristics, the basic system content of the guarantee system in the British insurance law and the defects of the guarantee system in detail through the history and the comparative method. On the basis of the actual situation of our country, in view of the defects of our country's insurance guarantee system, it is suggested that the maritime insurance and non marine insurance should be treated separately in our country on this basis. In the field of marine insurance, it is necessary to be with most countries in the world. It is necessary to guarantee the system in a systematic and comprehensive manner, while not maritime insurance is necessary for the guarantee system. At the end of this paper, the corresponding amendments to the legislation of marine insurance in China are put forward in the light of the future development trend of the guarantee system in marine insurance.
The first part defines the legal nature of the guarantee and demonstrates the theoretical basis for the existence of the guarantee, starting with the birth of the guarantee system. The legal nature of the guarantee is different according to the guarantee clause belongs to the commitment guarantee or the affirmative guarantee. In the Anglo American law, the commitment to guarantee is the following condition of the contract, and the affirmative guarantee belongs to the contract. The preconditions of the contract.
The first and six parts of the second part, based on the marine insurance law <1906 and some jurisprudence, introduced the basic contents of the British guarantee system, including the classification, identification, rules of interpretation, implementation principles, the consequences of violation of the guarantee and the abstention and renewal of the guarantee. The seventh part introduced the insurance law of other countries and regions outside the UK. The system of guarantee.
The third part analyzes the development trend of the traditional guarantee system. The traditional guarantee system has been criticized in the present society because of its strictness and unfairness to the insured. For this reason, there are three views on the existence and abolition of the guarantee system, the maintenance of the traditional guarantee system, the complete abolition of the traditional guarantee system and the revision of the traditional guarantee system.
The fourth part constructs the guarantee system in our country. It is believed that in the field of non maritime insurance, the guarantee system should not be established and the guarantee system should be established in the field of marine insurance. The article analyzes the shortcomings of the existing maritime law, and further puts forward some perfect suggestions.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D922.284

【引证文献】