近海石油开发所致海洋环境污染损害赔偿制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-25 17:18

本文选题：近海石油开发 + 海洋环境　；参考：《海南大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着社会经济的发展,人类对资源的需求量越来越大,各国越来越重视资源的开发与转移。海洋中蕴含着巨大的石油资源,使得各国竞相开发海洋资源。近海石油开发不仅带来了大量的资源,也为海洋带来了污染。我国作为一个海洋大国,在利用海洋获取收益、发展国民经济的同时也面临着海洋生态损害的严峻事实。虽然我国现行法律如《环境保护法》《海洋环境保护法》要求责任人对海洋生态损害承担赔偿责任,但该规定过于原则,在索赔主体和责任主体上并不明确,也没有规定具体的赔偿范围。文章就我国近海石油开发造成的环境污染损害进行民事法律问题探究。文章共分四个部分。第一部分论述了近海石油开发导致环境污染损害的立法现状,梳理了我国现行有关的法律、法规及政策。近海石油开发污染损害的法律渊源有宪法、法律、法规、规章、司法解释以及我国参与过的国际公约,基本内容包括了近海石油污染损害赔偿原则及免责事由,损害的构成要件、赔偿范围,后续的救济程序等四个方面。第二部分阐明了我国在近海石油开发污染损害制度中存在哪些不足,经分析,文章认为现有制度存在索赔主体还不明确,损害赔偿责任主体划分还比较模糊,赔偿范围过于狭窄,损害赔偿数额没有具体量化标准,缺乏石油污染损害赔偿基金制度等一系列问题。第三部分文章考察了国际公约以及域外国家如美国、加拿大、英国等关于近海石油污染损害赔偿的立法,同时与我国有关法律相比较得到一些启示,我国应该完善我国近海石油对海洋污染损害赔偿立法体系,弥补现有近海石油污染损害赔偿的惩罚机制的不足,我国还可以建立一套油污赔偿损害基金制度,使受害者得到及时赔偿。第四部分写到近海石油开发污染损害赔偿方面的有关制度还需要进一步的完善,针对索赔主体、损害赔偿责任主体和赔偿范围、损害赔偿基金制度、赔偿数额等五个方面的不足之处提出了相应对策:针对索赔主体确定了国家索赔权、个人和单位的索赔权、明确检察院的起诉条件;完成损害赔偿责任主体的统一;扩大损害赔偿的范围为直接损失、恢复环境的费用和调查评估的费用;在已有的规章条例中总结出统一量化标准,以一部新法来确定损害赔偿费用;形成国际国内的双重保障,完善近海石油污染损害赔偿基金制度。在综合各种制度的基础上建立我国的近海石油污染损害赔偿法律体系。
[Abstract]:With the development of social economy, the demand for resources is increasing, and more countries attach importance to the development and transfer of resources. There are huge oil resources in the ocean, which makes countries compete to exploit marine resources. Offshore oil development not only brings a lot of resources, but also brings pollution to the sea. As a large marine country, China is faced with the severe fact of marine ecological damage while developing the national economy by making use of the ocean to gain income. Although the current laws of our country, such as the Marine Environment Protection Law, require the responsible persons to bear the liability for marine ecological damage, the provisions are too principled and are not clear on the subject of claim and responsibility. There is also no specific scope of compensation. This paper probes into the civil legal problems of environmental pollution damage caused by offshore oil exploitation in China. The article is divided into four parts. The first part discusses the legislation status of environmental pollution damage caused by offshore oil development, and combs the current laws, regulations and policies of our country. The legal sources of pollution damage caused by offshore oil exploitation include the constitution, laws, regulations, judicial interpretation and international conventions to which China is a party. The basic contents include the principle of compensation for offshore oil pollution damage and the reasons for exemption. The constitution of the damage, the scope of compensation, the follow-up relief procedures and other four aspects. The second part clarifies the deficiencies in the pollution damage system of offshore oil development in China. After analysis, the author thinks that the existing system is not clear about the main body of claims, and the division of the main body of liability for damage compensation is still rather fuzzy. The scope of compensation is too narrow, there is no specific quantitative standard for the amount of damages, and a series of problems such as the oil pollution damage compensation fund system are lacking. The third part of the article examines the international conventions and foreign countries such as the United States, Canada, Britain and other legislation on offshore oil pollution compensation, and at the same time compared with the relevant laws of China to get some enlightenment. China should perfect the legislative system of compensation for marine pollution damage caused by offshore oil, make up for the deficiency of the existing punishment mechanism of the compensation for oil pollution damage, and establish a set of oil pollution compensation and damage fund system in our country. Prompt compensation for the victim. In the fourth part, it is written that the relevant system of pollution damage compensation for offshore oil development needs to be further improved. For the main body of claims, the subject of liability for damages and the scope of compensation, and the system of damage compensation fund, Corresponding countermeasures are put forward in five aspects such as the amount of compensation and so on: the right of national claim, the right of individual and unit to claim for compensation, the condition of prosecution of procuratorate, the unification of subject of liability for damage compensation, and so on. To expand the scope of damages to direct losses, the costs of environmental restoration and the costs of investigation and assessment; to summarize uniform quantitative criteria in existing regulations and regulations, to determine the costs of compensation for damage by a new law; and to form a dual safeguard at home and abroad, We will improve the offshore oil pollution compensation fund system. On the basis of synthesizing various systems, the legal system of compensation for offshore oil pollution damage is established in our country.
【学位授予单位】：海南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.68

【相似文献】