论比例原则对行政自由裁量权的控制

发布时间：2018-08-08 14:09

【摘要】：现代国家正常运行的必要条件是行政权力的存在，行政权力作为国家强大公权力的一种，其行使特点是有国家强制力作为后盾，但是权力愈大愈容易失去控制，如果其在行使的过程中被滥用势必会对公民的权利造成侵犯。而作为行政权力核心的自由裁量权也存在同样的问题。比例原则的目的是平衡公民权利和国家权力之间的态势，其目标是保障公民权益、实现实质正义。比例原则在域外国家的发展与实践，验证了其作为行政法领域的重要原则所具有的功效，尤其是在规范行政自由裁量权行使、保护公民权利等方面的作用十分明显，因此被认为具有“帝王条款”的地位。然而，我国学术界对比例原则的功能与地位尚未形成统一的认识。在我国实践中，存在大量自由裁量权被肆意滥用的情形，极大地危及了我国公民权利的保护。所以，比例原则在我国的适用具有极其重要的意义。比例原则在行政法领域的适用，要求行政主体对国家公共利益的实现与公民利益受侵害之间的关系进行衡量，选择有利于保护后者的方式。如果实现行政目标所采取的措施不符合比例关系，为公民权利带来一些不利影响，，将有碍于行政管理职能的实现。所以，行政主体在行使裁量权过程中要全面、均衡地进行利益衡量，将不利的影响和损害控制在最小的范围之内，使公共利益的实现与相对人所受到的损害符合一定的比例关系。从法学理论界的研究现状来看，大部分学者建议将比例原则作为行政法的基本原则，在整个行政法领域内适用。虽然比例原则在我国现阶段的立法和司法实践已然出现，但是理论基础稍显薄弱，其与合理性原则对比之优劣、在我国法律中定位之探讨都缺乏相应的理论支持和制度保障。为了进一步规范行政裁量行为、扩大行政自由裁量权审查的深度和广度、更好地保护人权，及其有必要将比例原则引入我国行政领域法。通过比例原则与行政自由裁量权理论的对比研究，对于前者控制后者的有效性应该得到充分的重视，建议将比例原则作为我国行政法的基本原则，对立法裁量行为、执法裁量行为、司法裁量行为进行全面、有效的控制，提高行政权力行使的文明程度，为建设服务型政府、法治国家、保护人权不受侵害提供强有力的保障。
[Abstract]:The necessary condition for the normal operation of a modern country is the existence of administrative power. As one of the powerful public powers of the country, the executive power is characterized by the state coercive power as the backing, but the greater the power is, the easier it is to lose control. If it is abused in the course of exercise, it will inevitably violate the rights of citizens. As the core of administrative power, discretion also has the same problem. The purpose of the principle of proportionality is to balance the situation between civil rights and state power, and its goal is to protect the rights and interests of citizens and to realize substantive justice. The development and practice of the principle of proportionality in foreign countries has proved its effectiveness as an important principle in the field of administrative law, especially in regulating the exercise of administrative discretion and protecting the rights of citizens. Therefore, it is considered to have the status of "imperial clause". However, the function and status of the principle of proportionality have not yet formed a unified understanding. In the practice of our country, a large number of discretionary rights are abused wantonly, which greatly endangers the protection of civil rights in our country. Therefore, the application of the principle of proportion in China has an extremely important significance. The application of the principle of proportionality in the field of administrative law requires the administrative subject to measure the relationship between the realization of the national public interest and the infringement of the citizen's interest, and to choose the way conducive to the protection of the latter. If the measures taken to achieve the administrative objectives are not in line with the proportional relationship and bring some adverse effects to the civil rights, it will hinder the realization of the administrative functions. Therefore, in the process of exercising the discretion, the administrative subject should weigh the interests in a comprehensive and balanced way, and control the adverse effects and damages within the minimum range. So that the realization of the public interest and the damage to the relative person accord with a certain proportion. From the current situation of the research in the field of legal theory, most scholars suggest that the principle of proportionality should be regarded as the basic principle of administrative law and applied in the whole field of administrative law. Although the principle of proportionality has already appeared in the legislation and judicial practice of our country at the present stage, the theoretical foundation is a little weak, and the comparison between the principle of rationality and the principle of rationality lacks the corresponding theoretical support and system guarantee in the discussion of the orientation in the law of our country. In order to further standardize administrative discretion, expand the depth and breadth of administrative discretion review, and better protect human rights, it is necessary to introduce the principle of proportionality into the administrative field law of our country. Through the contrast research between the principle of proportionality and the theory of administrative discretion, we should pay enough attention to the effectiveness of the former in controlling the latter. It is suggested that the principle of proportionality should be regarded as the basic principle of administrative law in our country, and the legislative discretion should be taken into account. Law enforcement discretion, judicial discretion conduct comprehensive, effective control, improve the civilized degree of the exercise of administrative power, for the construction of service-oriented government, the rule of law country, the protection of human rights from violations to provide a strong guarantee.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D922.1

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