景观生态学和美学视角下的滇东喀斯特景观农业配置模式

发布时间：2018-10-22 07:19

【摘要】：滇东高原作为一个相对独特的地理环境单元，喀斯特地貌发育，山多坡陡，生态环境脆弱，加上独特的二元水文地质结构导致水、土资源的时空分布不均，使得区域内的农业生产面临诸多不利因素。通过对喀斯特景观农业的配置可以达到稳定生态功能和营造美丽景色的目的，增强地区吸引力，推动农业旅游发展，能给区域经济发展带来新的机会。随着农村土地流转政策的出台，为家庭农场、农民专业合作社等规模化的农业经营提供了依据；加上“美丽乡村”建设的提出，也为景观农业配置的发展提供了机遇。本文基于滇东地区喀斯特地理环境基础，依托云南省社会经济研究计划重大项目：“多学科高技术支持下的云南城镇上山基础研究”相关课题，将滇东喀斯特农业划分为喀斯特河谷农业、喀斯特缓丘盆地农业、喀斯特峰丛洼地农业三种类型。运用“3S”技术，结合区内农业生产的特点，从景观生态学角度分析不同类型喀斯特农业的景观结构和功能，提出景观农业格局优化思路。从构景美学、色彩美学角度，总结景观农业的配置模式。主要研究结论如下：（1）滇东喀斯特河谷具有谷坡陡峭、谷底平坦、阶地狭长的特点，农业斑块主要呈条带状沿阶地分布，也有大量坡耕地斑块呈点状分布，森林基质破碎。在景观农业配置中，以整个河谷系统为整体，形成“中心—台阶状”结构，即以河谷阶地农田为中心，形成坡耕地、林草地沿山坡呈台阶状立体分布的农业景观结构。形成高低起伏、色彩变化、富有层次感的“马赛克”式的视觉效果，打造“马赛克—梯田”景观农业。（2）滇东喀斯特缓丘盆地具有地形不开阔的特点，耕地斑块主要集中分布于盆底，表现为盆底耕地集中呈面状，盆边林地、耕地呈封闭环状分布的特点。景观农业配置中，以整个山盆系统为整体，形成“同心圆—网状”结构，即以盆底耕地为中心，，聚落、林草地等斑块围绕耕地向盆底边缘、盆边坡地环状布局，以河流、田埂、道路等连接形成廊道网的景观结构。结合盆底耕地连片度高的特点，利用不同作物的搭配，构成字、花、几何图形或其他图案，打造“农田图案”景观农业。（3）滇东喀斯特峰丛洼地具有陡峭险峻、地形破碎、平坝区域面积小的特点，耕地斑块主要分布于地势低洼和缓坡处，受人类活动影响，自然廊道退化，甚至消失。景观农业配置中，以峰林、孤峰等为点，洼地为面，形成以点、面为主的“立体-多层”结构，将峰林、峰丛、孤峰配置为“马赛克式”，洼地配置为“农田图案式”。从整体景观上看，可将峰丛洼地农业打造为“混合式”景观农业。本研究讨论的喀斯特景观农业配置的学术问题，是从农业资源配置角度进行农业旅游发展研究，同时也是旅游资源建设的一种新趋势和新方法。不仅具有一定理论意义，而且可为喀斯特农业地区的可持续发展提供借鉴和参考。
[Abstract]:As a relatively unique geographical environmental unit, the eastern Yunnan Plateau has developed karst landforms, steep mountains and steep slopes, fragile ecological environment, and the unique dual hydrogeological structure leads to the uneven distribution of water and soil resources in time and space. The agricultural production in the region is faced with many unfavorable factors. Through the allocation of karst landscape agriculture, we can achieve the purpose of stabilizing ecological function and creating beautiful scenery, enhance the attraction of the region, promote the development of agricultural tourism, and bring new opportunities to the development of regional economy. With the introduction of the policy of rural land circulation, it provides the basis for large-scale agricultural management such as family farms, farmers' specialized cooperatives, and the construction of "beautiful villages", which also provides an opportunity for the development of landscape agriculture allocation. On the basis of karst geographical environment in eastern Yunnan, this paper relies on the important project of Yunnan Province's social and economic research plan: "basic research of Yunnan cities and towns up mountains with the support of multi-disciplinary and high technology". The karst agriculture in eastern Yunnan is divided into three types: karst valley agriculture, karst gentle hill basin agriculture and karst peak cluster depression agriculture. Based on the "3s" technology and the characteristics of agricultural production in the region, the landscape structure and function of different types of karst agriculture were analyzed from the view of landscape ecology, and the optimized thinking of landscape agriculture pattern was put forward. From the point of view of landscape aesthetics and color aesthetics, this paper summarizes the configuration mode of landscape agriculture. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the karst valley in eastern Yunnan has the characteristics of steep slope, flat valley bottom and long and narrow terrace. The forest matrix is broken. In the allocation of landscape agriculture, the whole valley system is taken as a whole to form a "center-step" structure, that is, the agricultural landscape structure with the valley terrace farmland as the center, the slope farmland as the center, and the forest and grassland distributed in a step form along the hillside. Forming the "mosaic" visual effect with high and low ups and downs, color changes, rich levels of feeling, and creating "mosaic terrace" landscape agriculture. (2) the karst gentle hill basin in eastern Yunnan has the characteristics of not being open in topography. The cultivated land patches were mainly distributed on the pelvic floor, showing that the pelvic floor cultivated land concentrated in the form of surface, the basin edge forest land and the cultivated land showed the characteristics of closed ring distribution. In the allocation of landscape agriculture, the whole mountain basin system is taken as a whole to form a "concentric circular network" structure, that is, with the pelvic floor cultivated land as the center, settlements, forests and grasslands, and other patches surrounding the cultivated land to the pelvic bottom edge, the basin slope is arranged in a circular way, and the river, the ridge of the field, etc. Roads and other connections form the landscape structure of the corridor network. Combining with the characteristics of high degree of continuous farmland in pelvic floor, using the collocation of different crops, forming characters, flowers, geometric figures or other patterns to create "farmland pattern" landscape agriculture. (3) the karst peak cluster depression in eastern Yunnan is steep and steep. The topography is broken, the area of flat dam is small, the patch of cultivated land is mainly distributed in low-lying and gentle slope, affected by human activities, the natural corridor is degraded or even disappeared. In the allocation of landscape agriculture, the peak forest, the solitary peak and so on are taken as the points, and the depressions are taken as the surface, forming the "stereoscopic and multi-layer" structure, which allocates the peak forest, the peak cluster and the solitary peak to the "mosaic type" and the low-lying land to the "farmland pattern type". From the view of the whole landscape, the agriculture of peak cluster depression can be made into "mixed" landscape agriculture. The academic problem of agricultural allocation of karst landscape in this study is to study the development of agricultural tourism from the angle of agricultural resource allocation, and it is also a new trend and method of tourism resources construction. Not only has certain theory significance, but also can provide the reference and the reference for the karst agricultural area sustainable development.
【学位授予单位】：云南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU982.29;F327;F592.7

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