抗战期间国立中央大学师范学院研究

发布时间：2018-05-31 13:40

本文选题：抗战期间 + 高等师范教育　；参考：《南京大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：从"高师改大"运动之后,中国的高等师范教育事业就逐渐进入低谷时期,造成中等学校师资数量不足、质量不高、"实学"与"教学"严重脱离等问题。尽管20世纪二三十年代,教育部曾进行过多次努力,试图改变这种局面,但最终均以失败告终。全面抗战爆发后,中学合格师资数量不足的问题进一步凸显,促使国民政府教育部不得不对认真对待这一问题。1938年陈立夫就任教育部长之后,就立即着手对高等师范教育进行整改,要求在全国范围内设立6所国立师范学院,中央大学师范学院就是其中之一。中央大学由于具备从南京高等师范学校到中央大学教育学院二十多年的师资、设备等方面的积累,所以在教育学院改设师范学院的过程中,相比较其他5所学校进行的更加顺利,也为此后教学活动的开展提供了相对稳固的基础。1938年6所国立师范学院建立之后,此后教育部又陆续设立了 5所师范学院,截止到抗战结束共建立了 11所国立师范学院。教育部原本期待通过这些国立师范学院振兴高等师范教育,在短时间内快速培养出一批合格的中学师资。然而各国立师范学院在发展过程中逐渐暴露了很多问题,使得社会各界对于战时各国立师范学院产生了极大的争议,这其中就包括朱家骅。1944年朱家骅就任教育部长之后,按照其一贯的师范教育主张,重新恢复文理学院在培养中学师资方面的作用,再次对各师范学院进行了统一改组。裁撤师范学院重复的文理系科,文理学院增收师范生,使得中央大学师范学院的建制基本回复到了战前状态。在抗战期间,中央大学师范学院的师生构成显现出了明显的特征变化。从整体上来看,教育学系的学生数量仍然是最多的,在整个师范学院内处于绝对领先的地位;而缺少了教育部力量的干预,自愿报考师范学院,尤其是师范学院内文理学系的学生比例实际上并不高,并且由于中央大学地理位置、战时交通不便等因素的影响,战时报考中大师范学院的学生也逐渐呈现出了本地化的趋势;而教师方面,中大师范学院的师资数量增长的非常快,教授的占比非常高,师资力量雄厚;中大师范学院严格的按照教育部所规定的等级发放薪资,尽管教师的工资等级并不太低,但和战时的物价水平来比,生活水平仍然十分堪忧。1938年中大师范学院建立之后,按照教育部的统一办学模式,设立了多元培养系统,包括初级部、本科生和第二部等,其中尤其注重对本科生课程进行调整,确保师范生培养过程中专业性与师范性的兼顾;但是为了实现教学节约,教育部要求师范学院文理系学生和文理学院共同修习,这种模式使得师范学院的课程设置并不能完全适应师范教育的需要,教学效果大打折扣;而中大师范学院的初级部和第二部由于经费、师资等原因,开展过程并不顺利。尽管抗战期间中大师范学院的发展整体比较艰难,但凭借着中大"最高学府"的独特身份以及常年的积累,在战时仍然设置了一些特色的系科,如艺术系、童子军专修科,同时还设置了师范科教育心理学部,开展教育研究工作,使得中大师范学院真正做到了培养师资和学术研究相结合的综合发展。抗战时期,中大师范学院的建立,提升了高等师范教育在整个教育系统中的地位,使得师范学院可以获得独立的经费和更多的话语权,挽救和发展了我国的高等师范教育事业;在战时的7年时间里,中大师范学院的存在对辅导战时大后方地区的中学教育、开展当地的社会教育、提升民众素质起到了重要作用;同时对于中大师范学院自身的发展也产生了巨大的影响,使得中大师范学院内汇聚了一批知名的专家学者,促使中大师范学院的教学和研究水平日益精进。但是不可否认的是,由于教育部并未能很好地解决中小学教师的社会地位和工资待遇问题,师范学院在学生待遇、就业升学方面不具备吸引力,极大地影响了学生报考师范学院的积极性;并且在当时教育部实际仍然将师范学院作为文科院系对待,在"重理轻文"教育政策的影响之下,师范学院发展经费严重不足,限制了师范学院的发展速度;同时行政力量的过多干预,使得教育部在制定统一师范教育政策时,脱离了很多学校的实际情况强行发展,并且出现了教育政策因人而异、缺少连续性等情况。多方面的因素导致以中大师范学院为代表的国立师范学院在抗战时期的办学效果远远未能达到教育部的预期,所培养出的合格的中学师资数量十分的有限。但客观来说,仍然是近现代高等师范教育的一次重要的探索,对于当今的高等师范教育改革仍然极具启发意义。
[Abstract]:Since the movement of "high teacher reform and reform", China's higher normal education has gradually entered a period of low valley, resulting in the shortage of teachers in the secondary schools, poor quality and serious separation of "real learning" and "teaching". Although in 20s and 30s twentieth Century, the Ministry of Education had made many efforts to change this situation, but eventually ended in failure. After the outbreak of the comprehensive war of resistance, the problem of inadequate number of qualified teachers in middle schools has been further highlighted, and the Ministry of education of the national government has to set out to reform the higher normal education immediately after.1938 Chen Lifu is the Minister of education in serious treatment. It requires the establishment of 6 national normal colleges, the Centre College teachers in the whole country. The school is one of them. Because of the accumulation of teachers and equipment for more than 20 years from Nanjing higher normal school to Centre College Education Institute, the Centre College has compared the other 5 schools in the course of the reform of the normal school. After the establishment of the 6 National Normal College in.1938, the Ministry of education has set up 5 normal colleges in succession. At the end of the war of resistance, the Ministry of education has established 11 national normal colleges. The Ministry of education was expecting to revitalize the higher normal education through these national normal colleges and quickly train a number of qualified secondary schools in a short time. However, a lot of problems have been exposed in the course of the development of the National Normal College, which has caused great controversy in all circles of the society for the National Normal College in wartime. This includes Zhu Jiahua, who was the Minister of education in Zhu Jiahua in.1944, and resumed the cultivation of the College of Arts and Sciences in accordance with his consistent teacher education proposition. The role of teachers in the teaching of teachers has been reorganized and reorganized again. The reduplication of the Liberal Arts Department of the normal college and the increase of normal students in the College of Arts and sciences have made the establishment of the Centre College normal college basically back to the pre war state. During the war of resistance, the composition of the teachers and students in the normal school of Centre College showed obvious characteristics. On the whole, the number of students in the Department of education is still the most, and it is in the absolute leading position in the whole normal college; but the intervention of the force of the Ministry of education is lacking, and the voluntary examination of the normal college, especially the students in the Department of Arts and Sciences in the normal college, is actually not high, and the geographical position of the Centre College, and the traffic in time of war With the influence of such factors as inconvenient and so on, the students of the teachers college in the period of wartime examination also gradually showed the tendency of localization; while teachers, the number of teachers in Zhongda normal college increased very quickly, the proportion of professors was very high and the teachers were strong. The salary level of the teacher is not very low, but compared with the price level of the wartime, the living standard is still very worrying. After the establishment of the normal college in.1938 years, according to the unified education mode of the Ministry of education, the multiple training system has been set up, including the primary Department, the undergraduate and the second departments, especially the adjustment of the undergraduate course and the guarantee of the teacher. In order to realize the saving of teaching, the Ministry of education requires the common practice of the students of the Department of liberal arts and the arts and Sciences in order to realize the saving of teaching. This model makes the course setting of the normal college can not fully adapt to the needs of normal education and the effect of teaching is discounted; and the primary Department of Zhongda Normal College In spite of the difficult development of the teachers' College in the war of resistance during the war of resistance, with the unique identity of the "supreme academy" and the accumulation of the year, there were still some special departments, such as the art department, the Scout department, and the division of the second department. The Ministry of education and psychology has carried out the research work of education, which made the normal college of Zhongda the comprehensive development of training teachers and academic research. In the period of the Anti Japanese War, the establishment of Zhongda normal college promoted the position of Higher Normal Education in the whole education system, so that the teachers' college could obtain independent funds and more funds. In the 7 years of wartime, the existence of Zhongda normal college has played an important role in tutoring middle school education in the great rear area of the war, carrying out local social education and improving the quality of the people. As a result, a number of well-known experts and scholars have been gathered in Zhongda normal college to promote the teaching and research level of Zhongda normal college day by day. However, it is undeniable that the teachers' college is not able to solve the problem of the social status and salary of primary and secondary school teachers. At that time, the Ministry of education still treated the teachers' College as a department of liberal arts, and under the influence of "heavy light text" education policy, the development funds of normal college were seriously insufficient and the development speed of normal college was limited. Meanwhile, the excessive intervention of the administrative force was too much. The Ministry of education, when formulating the unified teacher education policy, divorced from the actual situation of many schools, and has appeared the educational policy different from people, lack of continuity and so on. Many factors lead to the effect of the National Normal College represented by the China University of normal college in the war of resistance to the Ministry of education. It is expected that the number of qualified high school teachers is very limited, but it is still an important exploration in modern higher normal education, which is still very enlightening to the reform of higher teacher education.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G659.29;K265

【相似文献】