中国西部农村教育成本、收益与家庭教育决策的实证研究

发布时间：2018-06-07 22:40

本文选题：教育成本 + 教育收益　；参考：《中国农业科学院》2009年博士论文

【摘要】： 改革开放以来,农村居民的收入经历了持续的增长。作为中国经济、文化最为落后的西部农村,虽然从时序上看,农民收入起步低、增长缓慢,但是同样经历着持续增长的趋势。随着农民生产经营自主性的增强,特别是城乡分割制度的松动,西部农村居民外出就业机会的增多,教育通过优化资源的配置、提高经济效率,从而在农村居民的收入增长和农村内部收入差距扩大的演变进程中发挥了重要作用,教育也被政府看作是促进西部地区经济发展、解决西部贫困的根本和长久之策。但是,由于西部经济落后,农村居民收入总体水平仍然很低,教育能否成为促进经济发展和解决贫困问题的有效手段,不仅依赖于政府对西部农村教育投资的水平,还取决于西部家庭教育决策的微观行为对教育发展的影响。贫困人口能否获得足以满足生产发展需要的教育水平和教育质量以及他们所接受的教育在劳动力市场上是否具有一定的竞争力就成为西部教育发展的根本目标。建立在西部家庭教育决策分析之上的政府合理干预就成为打破西部低经济水平-低教育程度-低经济水平的低水平均衡的关键。本文利用“甘肃基础教育项目”2000年、2004年和2008年的甘肃农村住户调查数据,从教育投资的成本出发,探讨农村家庭决定送子女入学所承担的教育直接成本和机会成本及其变化。从教育投资的收益出发,估计了农村教育收益率,分析了其年度变化趋势以及将对家庭教育决策的影响。重点对农村家庭教育决策的影响因素进行计量分析。本文的研究表明,从农村家庭直接教育成本看,义务教育阶段的家庭教育基本支出在2008年下降了,“两免一补”政策使农村家庭普遍得到实惠,特别是贫困家庭子女上学难的问题得到基本解决,但是家庭附属教育费用已成为义务教育阶段家庭教育支出项目中最高费用,而承担这一费用的绝大多数是经济条件更为落后偏远村庄的家庭,“补助困难学生生活费”政策又不能全面落实,因而加重了贫困家庭教育负担。相比下降了的义务教育阶段的基本教育成本,农村高中教育阶段的费用却在不断升高,贫困家庭子女更容易在这一阶段辍学,本文研究又表明,是否接受高中或中专及以上的教育对今后西部农村居民从事非农就业,增加收入来说,具有更加积极的影响。因此,子女是否上高中或中专及以上的教育将成为农村家庭教育决策面临的主要问题。农村家庭收入对高中年龄阶段孩子教育的影响远远大于义务教育阶段的孩子。通过分性别的家庭教育决策方程估计,家庭收入对女孩就学的约束力超过男孩,特别在高中阶段,贫困家庭的女孩子辍学的可能性就更大了。教育的质量效应超过了价格效应。说明学校质量是影响农村孩子就学一个重要因素。通过辍学原因统计分析,发现西部农村学校(主要是小学和初中)的教育质量在农村教育影响因素中的地位越来越凸现,已成为制约农村居民教育水平从初等教育向中等教育发展的重要制约因素,成为农村教育发展的最为薄弱的环节。公共教育支出对农村家庭教育决策具有积极的正向影响,但这种影响作用的发挥需经一个长期积累的过程。除了小学与文盲的差异变小外,父母亲受教育程度对孩子就学概率的影响都为正。本文研究的实践意义在于:首先、确立以中央为主的经费筹措方案,确保西部贫困寄宿生普遍享受足额的生活补贴。其次、农村义务教育阶段的质量影响着农村居民接受高中教育的数量和质量,中央财政要继续加大对西部义务教育的投资力度,重点放在教师队伍建设、提高农村义务教育质量上。再次、中等教育将成为西部农村家庭教育决策的主要阶段,家庭收入对高中就学的影响依然很大,公共财政可以通过补助高中寄宿生生活补贴的方式来鼓励农村高中教育的发展。最后、加大公共财政对职业中专的资金投入,降低私人教育分担比例,鼓励和引导农村居民选择职业化教育。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, the income of the rural residents has experienced a continuous increase. As the Chinese economy and the most backward culture in the western rural areas, although the income of the farmers is low and the growth is slow, the trend of continuous growth is also experienced. With the increase of farmers' Autonomy in production and management, especially the loosening of the system of urban and rural division, The increase of employment opportunities for the rural residents in the west, by optimizing the allocation of resources and improving the economic efficiency, has played an important role in the evolution of the income growth of rural residents and the expansion of the income gap in the rural areas. Education has also been regarded by the government as the fundamental and long way to promote the economic development of the western region and to solve the poverty in the West. However, due to the backward economy in the west, the overall level of rural residents' income is still very low. Whether education can become an effective means to promote economic development and solve the problem of poverty is not only dependent on the level of government investment in the western rural education, but also on the impact of the micro behavior of the western family education and education decision on the development of education. Whether the education level and quality of the population are enough to meet the needs of production and development as well as whether the education they accept is competitive in the labor market has become the fundamental goal of the development of western education. Level - low education - the key to a low level of low economic equilibrium.
In this paper, based on the Gansu basic education project in 2000, 2004 and 2008, the survey data of rural households in Gansu, from the cost of education investment, discuss the direct and opportunity cost and the change of opportunity cost for the rural families to decide to send their children to school. From the income of educational investment, the income of rural education is estimated, and the analysis of the income of rural education is made. The annual trend of change and its impact on family education decisions are analyzed.
The study shows that, from the cost of direct education in rural families, the basic expenditure of family education in compulsory education has fallen in 2008. The policy of "two exemption and one supplement" has made rural families get practical benefits, especially the problems of children in poor families are basically solved, but the cost of family education has become compulsory education. The highest cost in the project of family education expenditure is the most, and the most of the cost is the family in the remote and remote villages. The policy of "subsidized students' living expenses" can not be fully implemented. Therefore, the burden of education for the poor families is aggravated. The basic education cost of the reduced compulsory education stage is higher than the rural high. The cost of the middle school education is increasing, and the children of poor families are more likely to drop out of school at this stage. This paper also shows whether the acceptance of high school or secondary school and above has a more positive impact on the non-agricultural employment of the rural residents in the West and the increase of income in the future. Education will become the main problem of rural family education decision-making.
The influence of rural family income on the education of children in high school age is far greater than that of children in compulsory education stage. Through the partial family education decision equation, it is estimated that the family income is more binding on girls than boys. Especially in high school, the possibility of girls dropping out of school in poor families is greater. The quality effect of education is better. It shows that the quality of the school is an important factor affecting the school children's learning. Through the statistical analysis of the reasons for dropping out of school, it is found that the educational quality of the western rural schools (mainly primary and junior middle schools) has become more and more prominent in the influence factors of rural education, which has become a restriction on the education level of rural residents from primary education to middle schools. The important restrictive factors of the development of education have become the weakest link in the development of rural education. Public education expenditure has positive and positive influence on rural family education decision, but it needs a long-term accumulation process. In addition to the small difference between primary school and illiteracy, parents are educated to children. The influence of learning probability is positive.
The practical significance of this study lies in the following aspects: first, establish a central funding scheme to ensure that the poor boarding students in the West generally enjoy full living allowance. Secondly, the quality of the rural compulsory education stage affects the quantity and quality of rural residents to receive high school education, and the central finance should continue to increase the investment in compulsory education in the West. In addition, secondary education will be the main stage of family education decision in the western rural areas, and the influence of family income on high school education is still very great. Public finance can encourage the development of rural high school education by subsidize the living allowance of high school boarding students. Finally, we should increase public finance's investment in vocational secondary schools, reduce the proportion of private education, encourage and guide rural residents to choose vocational education.
【学位授予单位】：中国农业科学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：G521;G78

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