蒙古国教育发展史研究

发布时间：2018-06-24 11:19

本文选题：蒙古国 + 教育史　；参考：《河北大学》2009年博士论文

【摘要】：蒙古国位于亚洲中部,领土面积156.65万平方公里,人口263.51万人。1921年蒙古人民革命胜利前,蒙古国处于沙俄支持下的民族自治状态。1921年蒙古人民革命胜利后,宣布独立并成立了君主立宪政府。1924年废除君主立宪制,建立蒙古人民共和国。1992年颁布新宪法,更名为“蒙古国”。 1921年蒙古人民革命胜利前,蒙古国没有正规的学校,只有私塾、社团和短期学校,且皆为王公贵族子弟的禁脔,广大民众子弟无权问津。民众接受教育的方式只有宗教熏陶和家庭传授,全国文盲率高达99.1%。1921年蒙古人民革命胜利后,蒙古人民革命党和政府励精图治,在经济基础极其薄弱、宗教干扰、民众对教育知之甚少、游牧生活不利于教育发展的状况下,以苏联为榜样,采取各种有力措施,开始建立并努力推动各级各类教育的发展。经过九十年的努力,蒙古国不但建立和发展了多层次、多类型的完整教育体系,而且教育普及率达到了相当的高度,目前全国人口的三分之一成为在校学生。从1921年蒙古人民革命胜利至今,蒙古国的教育发展大致经历了四个时期。第一个时期从1921年至1939年,是民主革命胜利及蒙古人民共和国成立后教育体系初步建立的时期。在经济基础和教育基础极其薄弱的情况下,初等教育、中等教育、技术教育、师范教育与全民扫盲教育相继起步并初具规模。第二个时期从1940年至1960年,是随着民主革命向社会主义过渡而确立完整的教育体系的时期。全民初等教育基本普及,省会城市中等教育大规模发展,蒙古国立大学诞生,技术教育进一步扩张,师范教育协调发展,扫盲教育达到高潮。第三个时期从1961年至1989年,是随着社会主义建设的推进而不断完善教育体系的时期。在苏联教育模式影响下,初等教育、中等教育体系重新调整,高等教育进一步扩充,技术教育、师范教育快速推进,扫盲教育基本终结。第四个时期从1990年至今,是随着民主化改革而重新调整和扩展教育体系的时期。初等教育、中等教育经过短暂的曲折而重新崛起,国立、私立高等教育兴盛,师范教育进一步扩充,因高等教育机构增多,中等技术学校逐步消亡。经过九十年的发展,蒙古国的教育在原来极其薄弱的基础上,取得了举世瞩目的成就。促成蒙古国教育取得重大成就的原因主要有：努力学习苏联、中国、朝鲜等国的教育经验,充分发挥国家政权对教育的领导作用,坚持贯彻蒙古人民革命党重视发展教育的思想,采取因地制宜的办学模式。但与发达国家相比,蒙古国教育也存在许多不足,造成这些不足的因素主要是：原有经济、教育基础薄弱,宗教势力干扰严重,文字改革出现曲折,过度依赖苏联教育模式等。
[Abstract]:Mongolia is located in central Asia with an area of 1.5665 million square kilometers and a population of 2.6351 million. Before the victory of the Mongolian people's Revolution in 1921, Mongolia was in a state of national autonomy supported by Russia. After the victory of the Mongolian people's Revolution in 1921, Declared independence and established a constitutional monarchy. The constitutional monarchy was abolished in 1924 and the people's Republic of Mongolia was established. A new Constitution was promulgated in 1992, renamed "Mongolia". Before the victory of the Mongolian people's Revolution in 1921, there were no formal schools in Mongolia, Only private schools, societies and short-term schools are the preserve of the children of the princes. After the victory of the Mongolian people's Revolution in 1921, the Mongolian people's Revolutionary Party and Government worked hard to govern, with extremely weak economic foundation and religious interference. People know very little about education, nomadic life is not conducive to the development of education, take the Soviet Union as an example, take all kinds of powerful measures, began to establish and strive to promote the development of all levels of education. After 90 years of efforts Mongolia not only established and developed a multi-level and multi-type integrated education system but also achieved a fairly high education popularization rate. At present 1/3 of the country's population has become a student in school. Since the victory of the Mongolian people's Revolution in 1921, the development of education in Mongolia has undergone four periods. The first period, from 1921 to 1939, was the victory of the democratic revolution and the initial establishment of the educational system after the founding of the people's Republic of Mongolia. Under the condition of extremely weak economic base and educational foundation, primary education, secondary education, technical education, normal education and literacy education for all have started and taken shape. The second period, from 1940 to 1960, was a period of transition from democratic revolution to socialism. Primary education for all has been basically popularized, secondary education in provincial capitals has developed on a large scale, Mongolian National University has been born, technical education has further expanded, teacher education has developed harmoniously, and literacy education has reached its climax. The third period, from 1961 to 1989, was a period of continuous improvement of the education system with the development of socialism. Under the influence of the Soviet educational model, the system of primary education, secondary education was readjusted, higher education was further expanded, technical education and normal education were promoted rapidly, literacy education basically ended. The fourth period, from 1990 to the present, was a period of readjustment and expansion of the education system as a result of democratic reform. After a brief twists and turns in primary education and secondary education, the state and private higher education flourished, normal education further expanded, because of the increase in higher education institutions, secondary technical schools gradually died out. After 90 years of development, Mongolia's education on the basis of the original extremely weak, has made remarkable achievements. The main reasons that contributed to the great achievements in education in Mongolia are: to study hard the educational experience of the Soviet Union, China, Korea, and other countries, so as to give full play to the leading role of the state power in education. Adhere to the Mongolian people's Revolutionary Party to pay attention to the development of education, and adopt the mode of running schools according to local conditions. However, compared with the developed countries, there are many deficiencies in Mongolian education, which are mainly caused by the following factors: the original economy, the weak educational foundation, the serious interference of religious forces, the twists and turns in the reform of Chinese characters, and the over-reliance on the Soviet educational model and so on.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：G531.1

【引证文献】