从文明书局《科学全书》看晚清教科书的近代化

发布时间：2018-01-22 22:38

本文关键词： 科学全书教科书近代化综合创造　出处：《陕西师范大学》2007年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 20世纪初，为了满足改书院，兴学堂，倡实学的需要，解决当时教科书急缺的矛盾，初等教育的发展，不得不借用外国成书以资讲习。但是西方教科书毕竟与中国文化异源，要根本发展中国的现代教育，必须有自己的教科书。文明书局立足于当时的社会现实，以“经世致用”为中西文化融通的结合点，创作了中国近代第一套系统的小学教材一《蒙学科学全书》。它的诞生见证了中国教科书独立成长和发展的历程，同时它本身又是近代中国国家塑形和国民性塑造的重要力量，推动着社会前进的脚步。它诞生于壬寅癸卯学制推出之际，适应了私塾——学堂并行的二元制教育的要求。弥补了成人教育和初等小学教育中教材缺乏的遗憾，可谓一场及时雨。本论文通过对《科学全书》的研究，从一个侧面了解当时教科书的编写状况，从而反映教科书发展的近代化水平和发展道路。全文共分五个部分：第一部分：绪论。主要阐述了选题的总体认识和宏观把握，介绍了选题依据，相关研究评述和研究思路、方法。第二部分：《科学全书》的诞生。从近代出版业的发展，文明书局的崛起，以及新式小学的发展和教科书内在变革的需要这几个因素出发，详细分析了《科学全书》的出版条件。第三部分考证分析了《科学全书》的种类及代表作。《科学全书》共有28种，现将其分为五类，第一类体育卫生，包含卫生、体操、生理。第二类品德教育，包含经训修身、初级修身、蒙学修身三种。第三类科技博物，，含笔算、心算、珠算、格致、矿物、天文、地质、地文、动物、植物、化学、中外地理、地图等。第四类文法历史，代表作有东西洋历史、中国历史、文法、毛笔和铅笔字帖等。在内容上，体育卫生类强调了新民强国的时代精神；品德教育类，坚持厚德载物的思想，保留了中国的传统文化美德；科技博物类，坚持开放性的观点，引入自然科学的内容和先进的科学教法。文法历史类，坚持文以载道，宣传救国救民的新理念，新精神。第四部分揭示了《科学全书》在近代化发展过程中的先进性因素。首先从学科设置，体例编排等物化层面上分析了它与传统教科书的区别，明确了其科学化的特点。其次从价值选择的角度，说明了要坚持过渡性和开放性并重的原则，走民族化的发展道路。最后点出其民族化发展道路上的主体性和创造性，即从自发走向自觉，从物化层面、精神层面，最终走向制度的层面，将教科书的发展纳入了法制化的轨道。结论部分依据《科学全书》的性质，从正反两方面进行分析和评价。肯定了它对初等教育发展的阶梯作用，以及对中国教科书发展的塑性意义。本论文的创新之处在于，立足于文化选择的视野，第一次将《科学全书》作为近代化研究的主体，揭示了教科书演变发展的规律，即只有走适合民族化发展的“综合创造”的道路，才是教科书在全球化大背景下得以兴旺发展的必由之路。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of twentieth Century, in order to meet the needs of school change college, Xing, advocating practical knowledge, solve the contradiction that the textbook shortage, the development of elementary education, had to borrow foreign books for training. But after all China culture and Western textbooks is essential to the development of modern education of heterologous, Chinese, must have their own textbooks.
The civilization press based on the social reality at that time, the "practical" combination of Chinese and Western culture integration, created the first modern Chinese system primary school textbooks of elementary science. "It is the birth of the witness history textbook China independent growth and development, at the same time it is also the modern state and National Chinese shaping shaping the important force to promote social progress. It was launched on renyin Kuimao educational system on the occasion, to two yuan for private school education -- parallel requirements. Makes up for the lack of textbooks for adult education and elementary education in primary school that can be described as a timely rain.
Through studying the whole book of science, this paper understands the compilation situation of textbooks at that time, so as to reflect the modernization level and development road of textbook development.
The full text is divided into five parts:
The first part is introduction. It mainly expounds the general understanding and macro grasp of the topic selection, introduces the basis of the topic, the related research review and research ideas and methods.
The second part: the birth of the book of science. Based on the development of modern publishing industry, the rise of civilization bookstores, the development of new primary schools and the need of internal transformation of textbooks, the publishing conditions of the book of science are analyzed in detail.
The third part analyzes the research category and science book < > >. < the science book a total of 28 species, we will be divided into five categories, the first category of sports and health, including health, gymnastics, physiology. Second kinds of moral education, including the training of primary school moral self-cultivation, cultivation, three kinds of third kinds of science and technology. The museum, including Bisuan, mental arithmetic, abacus, Gezhi, mineral, astronomy, geology, geological, chemical, animal, plant, and geography, maps and so on. Fourth kinds of grammar history, the representative of Western history, China history, grammar, brush and pencil etc., copybook on the sports health class emphasizes Xinmin strong spirit of the times; moral education, adhere to the social commitment thought, retained the traditional culture Chinese virtue; technology, adhere to the open view, the introduction of natural science content and advanced science teaching. Grammar history, insist on Saving Publicity Writings are for conveying truth.. The new idea, the new spirit.
The fourth part reveals the advanced nature of < Science > factors in the process of development in modern times. From the first subject setting, compiling system and physical level analysis of the differences between it and traditional textbooks, the characteristics of its scientific value. Secondly, from the selection point of view, that should adhere to both transitional and open the principle of the development road of nationalization. Finally points out its nationality on the road of the development of subjectivity and creativity, namely from spontaneity to consciousness, physical level, spirit level, and finally to the system level, the textbook development into the legal track.
The conclusion is based on the nature of the science book. It analyzes and evaluates two aspects from positive and negative aspects. It affirms its ladder effect on the development of primary education and its plastic meaning to the development of Chinese textbooks.
The innovation of this paper is based on the cultural choice of vision, will be the first < > as the subject of scientific modernization research, reveals the evolution of the rules of the development of the textbooks, and go for the development of nationalization "created" road only, it is the only way which must be passed to boom textbooks in the global context next.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：G529

【引证文献】