技术进步与就业量的变化研究
发布时间：2018-08-26 12:32
【摘要】： 熊彼特和索洛等人杰出的贡献揭示了技术进步对经济增长的重要作用。长期来，虽然几乎所有学者都承认技术进步与就业有密切关系，但技术进步对就业量究竟存在什么样的影响，学者们则看法不一。本论文对技术进步与就业量之间的关系作些尝试性的研究。 技术进步是一个容易产生歧义的概念，第一章导论部分首先对技术进步及与之相关的几个概念进行简要介绍，确立本文分析的概念框架。第二章是技术进步与就业量关系研究的方法和观点，主要包括四节：第一节首先介绍技术进步对就业影响问题的产生及主要内容。失业问题并非自古有之，自工业革命后，人们很容易把失业同技术应用联系起来。经济学对技术进步与就业关系的研究既层次分析也有具体方面(内容)的分析。本论文讨论的重点是技术进步也就业量的变化，第二节讨论技术进步对就业量的影响机制，从技术进步过程中就业量的动态变化来看，主要包括减少、增加、替代和转移四种效应；从经济体自身机制的适应性变化来看，经济学家更多是从补偿理论的角度分析技术进步过程中的价格效应、收入效应和技术乘数效应，第三节介绍了三个分析技术进步与就业量变化的经济模型；宏观经济模型、新奥地利方法和增长率模型，第四节实际上对以往对技术进步与就业量关系研究观点的综述，学者们都同意技术进步会导致就业结构的变化，但对数量的变化则有不同看法，，有的学者认为技术进步导致就业减少，有的认为就业量会增加，当然也有学者认为技术进步对就业量变化没有实质影响。 第三章是对美国技术进步与就业量变化的实证分析。不同过去的一些做法，本文分别用总就业人数和(年)总就业时间表示劳动投入。通过对1948-98年美国数据的分析，可以发现：1、技术进步与就业增长的边际就业弹性之间存在明显的负相关关系；2、当分别用就业人数和年总劳动时间投入时间衡量时，上述负相关关系是不同的，即由于劳动者周劳动时间的减少，总就业人数的减少比总劳动时间的减少要少的多；3、导致上述差异的原因是技术进步促进了就业制度的变革，从而在一定程度上缓和了技术进步对就业人数的替代。另一方面，这种就业制度变革也是技术进步福利在雇主和工人之间的一种分配。 第四章讨论技术进步促进就业制度变革对解决中国就业问题的政策启示。通过缩短工作时间和调整工作时间两种基本方式，技术进步间接促进的就业制度变革可以平衡技术进步与就业之间的矛盾关系。这给解决中国就业问题的重要启示是，重新分配技术进步福利，主动变革就业制度，可以在一定程度上减轻目前我国就业面临的压力。“双休日”和“黄金周”等现象说明了这一点。
[Abstract]:Schumpeter and Solo's outstanding contributions reveal the importance of technological progress in economic growth. For a long time, although almost all scholars have acknowledged that technological progress is closely related to employment, there are different views on the influence of technological progress on the amount of employment. This paper makes some tentative research on the relationship between technological progress and employment. Technological progress is a concept which is easy to produce ambiguity. In the first chapter, the introduction briefly introduces the concept of technological progress and some related concepts, and establishes the conceptual framework of this paper. The second chapter is the research methods and viewpoints of the relationship between technological progress and employment volume, including four sections: the first section introduces the impact of technological progress on employment and its main content. Unemployment has not existed since ancient times. Since the Industrial Revolution, it has been easy to associate unemployment with the application of technology. The study of the relationship between technological progress and employment in economics has both hierarchical analysis and specific aspects (contents). The focus of this paper is the change of technological progress and employment volume. The second section discusses the influence mechanism of technological progress on employment. From the dynamic change of employment volume in the process of technological progress, it mainly includes reducing and increasing. From the point of view of the adaptive change of economy's own mechanism, economists analyze the price effect, income effect and technology multiplier effect in the process of technological progress from the angle of compensation theory. The third section introduces three economic models for analyzing technological progress and employment volume change, macroeconomic model, new Austrian method and growth rate model, and the fourth section is a review of previous research views on the relationship between technological progress and employment volume. Scholars agree that technological progress will lead to changes in the structure of employment, but there are different views on the number of changes. Some scholars believe that technological progress leads to a decrease in employment, and some think that employment will increase. Of course, some scholars believe that technological progress has no real impact on the change of employment. The third chapter is the empirical analysis of the technological progress and employment volume changes in the United States. In this paper, the total number of employed people and the total employment time are used to express the labor input respectively. By analyzing the data from 1948-98 in the United States, we can find that there is a significant negative correlation between technological progress and marginal employment elasticity of employment growth. When measured by the number of employed persons and the total annual labor time invested time, The negative correlation mentioned above is different, that is, due to the decrease of weekly working hours, the reduction of total number of employed persons is more than the decrease of total working hours. The reason for the above difference is that the technological progress has promoted the reform of the employment system. Thus, to a certain extent, to ease the technological progress to replace the number of employment. On the other hand, this change in the employment system is also a distribution of technological progress benefits between employers and workers. The fourth chapter discusses the policy implications of technological progress and employment system reform to solve China's employment problems. By shortening the working hours and adjusting the working hours, the innovation of employment system promoted indirectly by technological progress can balance the contradictory relationship between technological progress and employment. The important enlightenment to solve China's employment problem is that redistribution of technological progress welfare and active reform of employment system can alleviate the pressure of employment in China to a certain extent. Such phenomena as "weekend" and "Golden week" illustrate this point.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：F062.4
本文编号：2204880
[Abstract]:Schumpeter and Solo's outstanding contributions reveal the importance of technological progress in economic growth. For a long time, although almost all scholars have acknowledged that technological progress is closely related to employment, there are different views on the influence of technological progress on the amount of employment. This paper makes some tentative research on the relationship between technological progress and employment. Technological progress is a concept which is easy to produce ambiguity. In the first chapter, the introduction briefly introduces the concept of technological progress and some related concepts, and establishes the conceptual framework of this paper. The second chapter is the research methods and viewpoints of the relationship between technological progress and employment volume, including four sections: the first section introduces the impact of technological progress on employment and its main content. Unemployment has not existed since ancient times. Since the Industrial Revolution, it has been easy to associate unemployment with the application of technology. The study of the relationship between technological progress and employment in economics has both hierarchical analysis and specific aspects (contents). The focus of this paper is the change of technological progress and employment volume. The second section discusses the influence mechanism of technological progress on employment. From the dynamic change of employment volume in the process of technological progress, it mainly includes reducing and increasing. From the point of view of the adaptive change of economy's own mechanism, economists analyze the price effect, income effect and technology multiplier effect in the process of technological progress from the angle of compensation theory. The third section introduces three economic models for analyzing technological progress and employment volume change, macroeconomic model, new Austrian method and growth rate model, and the fourth section is a review of previous research views on the relationship between technological progress and employment volume. Scholars agree that technological progress will lead to changes in the structure of employment, but there are different views on the number of changes. Some scholars believe that technological progress leads to a decrease in employment, and some think that employment will increase. Of course, some scholars believe that technological progress has no real impact on the change of employment. The third chapter is the empirical analysis of the technological progress and employment volume changes in the United States. In this paper, the total number of employed people and the total employment time are used to express the labor input respectively. By analyzing the data from 1948-98 in the United States, we can find that there is a significant negative correlation between technological progress and marginal employment elasticity of employment growth. When measured by the number of employed persons and the total annual labor time invested time, The negative correlation mentioned above is different, that is, due to the decrease of weekly working hours, the reduction of total number of employed persons is more than the decrease of total working hours. The reason for the above difference is that the technological progress has promoted the reform of the employment system. Thus, to a certain extent, to ease the technological progress to replace the number of employment. On the other hand, this change in the employment system is also a distribution of technological progress benefits between employers and workers. The fourth chapter discusses the policy implications of technological progress and employment system reform to solve China's employment problems. By shortening the working hours and adjusting the working hours, the innovation of employment system promoted indirectly by technological progress can balance the contradictory relationship between technological progress and employment. The important enlightenment to solve China's employment problem is that redistribution of technological progress welfare and active reform of employment system can alleviate the pressure of employment in China to a certain extent. Such phenomena as "weekend" and "Golden week" illustrate this point.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：F062.4
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前3条
1 唐抭,刘勇军;关于中国经济增长与就业弹性变动的非一致性研究理论综述及评论[J];市场与人口分析;2003年06期
2 赵利;张红霞;王振兴;;技术进步对劳动就业影响的作用机理分析[J];山东财政学院学报;2012年05期
3 孙巍;杨帅;;劳动力成本、要素替代与制造业产品出厂价格[J];中国物价;2011年09期
相关博士学位论文 前4条
1 王志伟;中国就业函数研究[D];中共中央党校;2011年
2 刘强;我国信息化进程中的劳动就业[D];中共中央党校;2006年
3 蒲艳萍;转型期的中国经济增长、就业与公共政策[D];重庆大学;2006年
4 王旭升;中国经济增长与就业增长非一致性问题研究[D];辽宁大学;2008年
相关硕士学位论文 前9条
1 黄佳陆;中国劳动收入份额变化原因研究[D];南京农业大学;2010年
2 梁湄;我国经济增长与就业关系的实证研究[D];重庆师范大学;2006年
3 张宁;东北地区经济增长与就业增长非一致性分析[D];东北师范大学;2006年
4 方芳;教育投资的均衡性分析[D];西南财经大学;2006年
5 程宇;科技进步对劳动就业的相关效应与对策研究[D];重庆大学;2006年
6 李路勇;我国经济增长与就业增长不同步问题的研究[D];首都经济贸易大学;2008年
7 陈聪;技术进步对新疆就业的影响研究[D];新疆财经大学;2009年
8 万苹;新疆技术进步对就业总量和就业结构的影响[D];新疆大学;2013年
9 周帅;新和县农村剩余劳动力培训转移研究[D];新疆农业大学;2012年
本文编号：2204880
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/jingjilunwen/jingjililun/2204880.html
