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明代卫所制度与贵州地域社会形成研究

发布时间:2018-05-02 12:06

  本文选题:卫所制度 + 明清时代 ; 参考:《西南大学》2017年博士论文


【摘要】:中国西南边疆地区,是历代中央王朝经营的重点区域之一,尤其是明清两朝,不但倾力开拓西南,而且也注重推动西南政治、经济、文化的发展。在此历史背景之下,贵州不仅从“无”到“有”,且取得了长足发展。与其他区域有别的是,明清以来贵州社会经济的进步,基本上是在王朝制度的强力推行下而实现的。贵州能称之为一个地区,亦需从其成为一个省级建置开始说起,而贵州都司的设置,正是贵州地方行政区划得以形成的基础。明代卫所制度的推行及其变革,是引发贵州逐渐形成一个特色鲜明的地域社会的重要因素。本文重点从明代卫所制度推行及其变动下的政区、城镇、文化区域以及人群移动与民族分布等方面,论述贵州地域社会在明清时期逐步形成的历史过程。明初在贵州广置卫所,贵州大部分疆土被纳入明王朝直接管理之下,卫所成为管理疆土的主要机构。在此基础上,永乐十一年设置贵州省,从此结束了以羁縻统治为主流的历史,取而代之者,是卫所与州县两套疆域管理系统并行的经营模式,其中又以卫所为主,直至清初卫所彻底郡县化之后,这一局面才得以彻底改变。然值得注意的是,卫所从明初落地贵州开始,即明显带有因地制宜的变通性,换言之,就是卫所具备着可调整性。具体而言,是一些卫所在经营贵州的过程中,出于地方具体实际与需要而改置为军民卫所,这一转变,从制度上给予了卫所管“军”又管“民”的权力,使其成为名副其实的“军管型政区”,迨其“熟化”到一定程度之时,这些军民卫所逐渐以分割辖地而设置州县的方式,步入了郡县化的历程,时至晚明,贵州的军民卫基本完成了这一过程。而清初大规模裁撤卫所,以之设置或归并州县,贵州府、州、县三级地方政区管理系统配套基本完成,至雍正时期,湖广都司绣错于黔东南一线的卫所裁撤完毕,设置新县,进而调整省界,贵州地方政区格局藉此得以最终形成。明代卫所制度的推行,伴随着卫所城的筑建,城对于地域社会来说,无疑具有重要的整合作用,它不仅是一个地区繁荣的表现,也是社会文明进步的标志之一。明代之前的贵州,除了一些寨堡之外,并无城可言。卫所城的大规模修建,由于其具有鲜明的军事功能,城墙高耸,成为名副其实的城,这与一般由商而兴的城市,是有区别的。然而,贵州少数民族众多,社会变乱频发,卫所护卫州县的职责极为繁重,为应对这一问题,府、州、县寄寓于卫城,形成了“州卫同城”的特殊现象,这使以军事功能为主的卫所城,也具备了州县城的功能。更为重要的是,随着卫所军户移民的持续迁入,外来人口逐渐增多,他们聚居于卫所城的周围,从事社会生产或商业活动,使卫所城逐渐又具备了商业职能。于是,卫所城逐渐发展成为集军事、政治、商业、文化中心为一体的城市,亦因如此,当日后裁撤卫所设置州县或归并州县之时,这些卫所城直接转换成了州县城,由此构成了日后贵州城市的基础。此外,在卫所城墙之外,还修筑了大量的关隘、铺、堡、屯、寨等军事防御堡垒,其在历史演变过程中,成为集镇的前身。这些卫所城与城墙之外的堡垒一道,逐渐形成了贵州地域社会中的城镇体系。而值得注意的是,由于贵州卫所城“一线路”上的分布特点,导致了贵州城镇亦呈出分布交通线上的特点。这种特点虽然不利于贵州地域社会的全面发展,远离交通线的地区,城镇分布稀少,社会经济发展较为落后,但亦正因这样的分布特点,型构出了贵州内部的文化多样性、经济模式的丰富性和民族社会结构的复杂性的地域特色。学校教育是明代统治社会的重要工具之一,其与道理、政教、人才培育及正风俗,均有重要关系。基于这样的认识,有明一代,陆续地修建各类名称不一的学校,以达“善治”天下的目标。贵州“遍地皆夷”,是少数民族最为集中的聚居区之一,学校教育成为明王朝治黔的重要方略之一,藉此实施教化,变左衽而右衽,亦成为宦黔士人的政治理想之一。然明代贵州的学校,卫学数量多达22所,成为全国最多为卫学的地区,在贵州教育史上,扮演着极为重要的角色。由于其教育的对象,多为卫所移民子弟,这些文化程度相对较高卫籍人员,在科举竞争中占有明显的优势。由此而产生的区域差异,表现为远离卫所的少数民族地区,仍然是文化教育上的“沙漠地区”。因此,虽然明王朝在贵州设置了各类学校,其意虽善,用力亦勤,但由于各类学校的教育对象并不尽同,其效果亦不能一概而论,由此导致的地区差异与人群所受教育的多寡,直接影响到文化核心区与不同风俗区的逐渐形成。明代卫所制度而引发的人群移动,对地域社会的塑造影响最大,地域社会的形成,“人”的活动显然极为重要。明代以前的贵州,可谓“异域”,但其具体情形,因史料匮乏,大抵留给人们的印象只是一个处于羁縻统治而少数民族众多的社会。而明代卫所制度的推行,卫所移民连续性地不断迁入,不仅改变了当地的人口结构,而且成为贵州多元文化形成的重要因素。这些来自全国各地的军户,分布在卫所里,不仅肩负着戍卫着边疆的重任,而且也从事着各类社会生产活动。在历史的演变进程中,这些卫所官军后裔大致有两大去向:一是世代聚居在卫所驻地,坚守着汉人的身份与文化传统,形成了点状分布的“屯堡”村落。二是随着军户人口的增长,卫所有限的辖地并未能养活越来越多的人们,于是,卫所之中未能袭替武官的军余与舍丁等群体,为了拓展生存空间,他们通过不同的方式深入到少数民族地区之中,与其他人群一道,型塑出了形态不一的村落社会。这些村落,虽然在后世的民族识别中被认定为少数民族村寨(如苗寨或侗寨等),但“汉”的因素极多,许多村落带有明显的卫所痕迹,呈现出“亦汉亦苗”或“亦苗亦汉”的文化景观。综上,本文的结论是:明清时期贵州地域社会的形成,与明代卫所制度有直接和紧密的联系,正是卫所制度的推行及其变动,造就了贵州文化多元并存的基础。实土卫所逐渐向州县系统演进;卫所城址逐渐由军事功能转变为兼具政治、文化、经济、教育中心的城镇;卫学教育开启民智,推行教化,逐渐形成了贵州的文化区域中心,并加速了风俗分区的形成;卫所移民的持续迁入而逐渐形成的军户群体,在历史变迁的长河中,他们不仅卫戍边疆,而且与少数民族人群一道,逐渐开拓出了贵州地域社会中的多样性景观,汉文化、少数民族文化相互交融,在明清时期形成了“你中有我,我中有你”的多民族共生的多元文化形态。
[Abstract]:The southwest border area of China is one of the key areas of the central dynasties, especially the two dynasties of Ming and Qing Dynasties, not only to open up the southwest, but also to promote the development of the southwest politics, economy and culture. Under this historical background, Guizhou not only from "no" to "there", but also made great progress. There are other areas in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The progress of Guizhou's social and economic development has been basically realized under the powerful implementation of the dynasty system. Guizhou can call it a region, and it should begin with its establishment as a provincial level. And the establishment of the Guizhou metropolitan department is the basis for the formation of the local administrative division in Guizhou. The implementation of the system of the Ming Dynasty and its reform is caused by the reform of the system of the Ming Dynasty. Guizhou has gradually formed an important factor in a distinctive regional society. This article focuses on the historical process of the gradual formation of Guizhou regional society in the Ming and Qing Dynasties from the implementation of the system of the Ming Dynasty and its changing areas, cities and towns, cultural areas, and the distribution of people in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the early Ming Dynasty, Guizhou was in Guizhou and Guizhou. Part of the territory was brought under the direct management of the Ming Dynasty, which was the main organization to manage the territory. On this basis, Yongle was set up in Guizhou province for eleven years. From then on, it ended the history of taking the rule as the mainstream, and was replaced by the parallel operation mode of the two sets of territory management system of Wei Institute and state county. After the complete county and county of the first Wei, this situation has been completely changed. But it is worth noting that, from the beginning of Guizhou in the early Ming Dynasty, it is obvious that it has the adaptability to local conditions. In other words, it is the adjustability of the guard. In particular, it is in the process of running Guizhou, where some guards are located, out of local specific realities and needs. This change has given the power of the "army" and "the people" from the system, and makes it a "military management area". When it is "familiar" to a certain extent, the military and people are gradually setting up state and county ways by dividing their jurisdiction and entering the course of the county and county, and to the late Ming Dynasty, Guizhou At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the large-scale dismantling of the guards in the early Qing Dynasty set up or returned to the three levels of the local administrative district management system of Guizhou Prefecture, state and county, and to the Yong Zheng period, the Huguang department, which was embroidered in the front line of Qiandongnan, completed the dismantling of the Xinxian County, and then adjusted the provincial border, and the local administrative district pattern in Guizhou. The implementation of the system in the Ming Dynasty, accompanied by the construction of the city of Wei, is undoubtedly an important integration for the regional society. It is not only a manifestation of the prosperity of the region, but also one of the symbols of the progress of social civilization. Before the Ming Dynasty, there was no City in Guizhou, except for some fortress. Scale construction, because of its distinctive military function, the city wall towering, become a real city, which is different from the city which is generally commercial and flourished. However, Guizhou has a large number of ethnic minorities, the social disorder is frequent, the responsibility of the guard state county is extremely heavy, for this problem, the government, state, county, is in the Acropolis, forming the "state guard" The special phenomenon of the city, which makes the city with the main military function, also has the function of the state and county city, and more importantly, with the continuous migration of the immigration of the Wei house, the population is gradually increasing, they are living around the city of Wei, engaged in social production or commercial activity, and gradually have the commercial function of the city. The city has gradually developed into a city of military, political, commercial, and cultural centers. In this way, the city was directly converted into a state county, which was the basis of the Guizhou city in the future. In addition, a large number of pass, paved, and burger were built outside the walls of the city. The fortress of military defense, such as Tuen and Zhai, has become the precursor of the town in the course of its historical evolution. The city and the fortress outside the walls of the city have gradually formed the urban system in Guizhou's regional society. It is worth noting that the distribution of Guizhou towns is also distributed as a result of the distribution characteristics of the "one line" on the "one line" of the Guizhou Wei city. Although this characteristic is not conducive to the overall development of Guizhou's regional society, the areas far from the traffic line, the cities and towns are scarce and the social and economic development is relatively backward, but it is also due to the characteristics of such distribution, which forms the regional characteristics of Guizhou's internal cultural diversity, the richness of the economic model and the complexity of the national social structure. School education is one of the important tools for the rule of society in the Ming Dynasty. It has an important relationship with truth, politics, education, talent cultivation and customs. Based on this understanding, there are a generation of schools that have built various kinds of names in succession to achieve the goal of "good governance" in the world. Guizhou is "everywhere" and is the most concentrated area of ethnic minorities. First, school education has become one of the important strategies for the Ming Dynasty to govern the Guizhou Province. This is one of the political ideals of the officials of the officials of the officials of the officials of the eunuch. However, the schools in Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty, with a number of up to 22, became the most important areas in the country and played a very important role in the history of education in Guizhou. Most of them are the immigrant children of Wei, which have a relatively high level of cultural degree in the imperial examination and occupy a distinct advantage in the competition of the imperial examination. The resulting regional differences are shown as a "desert area" in cultural education, which is still a "desert area" in cultural education. It is good and diligent, but because the educational objects of various schools are not the same, their effects can not be generalized. The result of the regional differences and the number of people's education has a direct impact on the gradual formation of the cultural core areas and different customs areas. In the formation of regional society, the activities of "people" are obviously very important. The Guizhou before the Ming Dynasty is a "foreign land", but its specific situation, due to the lack of historical materials, is only left to the impression of a society with many ethnic minorities. Change the local population structure, and become an important factor in the formation of Guizhou's multiculturalism. These military households from all over the country, distributed in the Wei house, not only shoulder the responsibility of defending the frontier, but also engaged in various kinds of social production activities. In the process of historical evolution, the descendants of these officers and officers have roughly two directions: first, For generations to live in the garrison and stick to the identity and cultural tradition of the Han people, the village of "Tuen Bao" was formed. Two, with the increase of the population of the military household, the limited jurisdiction of the Wei and more and more people had not been raised. In different ways, it goes deep into the minority areas, and with the other groups, the form of a different village society. These villages are identified as minority villages (such as the Miao village or the Dong Village) in the later generations, but the factors of "Han" are extremely many, many villages have obvious traces of guard, showing that " The conclusion of this article is: the formation of Guizhou regional society in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the direct and close connection with the system of the Ming Dynasty, it is the implementation and change of the system of Wei Dynasty, which has brought up the basis of the multicultural and coexistence of Guizhou culture. The site is gradually transformed from military function into a town with political, cultural, economic, and educational centers. The education of civil science and education has gradually formed the cultural regional center of Guizhou and accelerated the formation of the Customs Division. Garrison frontier, and with ethnic minority groups, gradually opened up the diversity of the landscape of Guizhou regional society, Han culture, ethnic minority cultures blend each other, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the formation of a multi-ethnic multicultural form of "you have me, I have you" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

【学位授予单位】:西南大学
【学位级别】:博士
【学位授予年份】:2017
【分类号】:K248


本文编号:1833822

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