社会保障制度的外部风险研究

发布时间：2018-06-11 15:04

本文选题：社会保障 + 社会系统　；参考：《南京大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：风险社会悄然而至,人类的生存环境和可持续发展都受到了挑战,人类的风险意识也在不断提高,正视和关注风险问题已经成为政府、专家团体、社会组织甚至是个人都无法回避的问题。社会保障是为了应对风险而产生的,而应对风险的社会保障本身也会产生风险,风险与社会保障的互动还要受到周围其他环境和其他社会子系统的影响,这种视角就是卢曼的社会系统论所观察的视角。在这种系统论视角下的风险与社会保障的互动,是观察社会保障发展的一种模式和路径。从风险的视角来分析风险与社会保障的互动,包括两个方面:一是社会保障系统必须克服来自系统内部的风险,完善系统内部的各种引发风险的决策,不断地完善系统的自主性;二是社会保障系统必须接受来自周围环境的风险挑战,对周围的其他社会系统所施加给它的风险做出回应。除了这两种风险挑战外,社会保障还存在一种“外部风险”,即社会保障系统对周围环境、其他社会子系统带来的风险。这种外部风险相当于经济学上所说的“负外部性”。社会保障的外部性可以看作是对其他社会系统强加的一种影响,而且这种影响是可以被辨别的,辨别其是属于正外部性或者负外部性,当负面效应蕴藏着不可预期的危险,负面效应表现强烈时,可以说就产生了风险,社会保障的外部风险也就随之出现。这种风险会对社会其他系统如政治、经济、法律、传统等等造成威胁。社会保障制度是政府应对劳动者社会风险的一种制度安排,其目的在于纠正由于市场失灵而带来的风险。但是政府也存在失灵的时候,社会保障政策制定的目标、保障水平、保障对象等方面如果定位不准,运行机制设计不合理,且在运行过程中社会系统的其他风险因素又影响其中,那么仍然会有风险的发生。过去我们研究社会保障制度都将其看作是一个防范风险的制度,即使考虑到社会保障制度存在风险也只关注社会保障制度本身在设计上的不合理之处,并未考虑到社会保障也会给其他社会子系统和环境带来的风险。基于此,本文期望以卢曼的风险系统论并结合外部性理论的视角来分析在社会转型期、各类风险问题丛生的环境下,社会保障制度所存在的外部风险,即社会保障制度作为一个防范风险的机制,也会因为自身决策的失误或者外界环境的改变而对其他社会子系统或环境带来风险的问题。本文共分为七章:第一章为绪论部分,主要阐明了选题背景、相关概念的界定、综述了风险和外部性理论的研究现状、理论成果及不足,说明了研究方法和研究意义,并概述了全文主要观点和创新点。第二章为本文的理论基础部分,主要论述了外部性理论与风险理论。介绍了外部性的定义、分类、社会保障与外部性的关系,并从卢曼的社会系统理论对社会保障的风险进行了分析,为以后章节提供理论上的指导。第三章阐述了风险与社会保障的关系。卢曼认为风险是一个时间的问题,是不可避免的,在研究中国的社会保障制度的风险问题时,不能忽视中国社会保障制度发展变迁的历史过程,只有将社会保障制度放入一个“时间”的概念中,才能更好的分析社会保障制度的风险。并对社会保障的风险进行分类,重点阐述了社会保障制度的外部风险及其表现,以及对中国社会保障制度外部风险进行反思。第四章为案例分析之一——欧债危机,通过对欧债危机与社会保障之间关系的研究,说明了社会保障的外部风险的存在,在高福利水平的发达国家如果社会保障的相关政策和制度不能适应本国的经济社会的发展,同样也会对其他社会系统带来风险。欧债危机的严重后果对我国的社会保障制度的发展也有一定的启示作用。第五章为案例分析之二——养老金双轨制,当前我国养老保险制度改革屡屡遇到困境的关键原因就在于当初在设计养老保险制度时,对企业和事业单位采取不同的保障模式。通过对事业单位养老保险制度改革进行具体分析,可以让我们对社会保障制度的外部风险有更加直观的了解,并对我国社会保险制度的设计有一定的启示。第六章为案例分析之三——我国的最低生活保障制度的外部风险。我国的最低生活保障制度分为城市居民最低生活保障制度和农村最低生活保障制度,介绍了城市和农村最低生活保障制度的概况,并分别对城市和农村的低保制度的外部风险进行分析。第七章提出在我国建立一个公平、可持续发展的社会保障制度。社会保障制度在发展过程中会给其他社会系统制造不确定性,带来风险。社会保障制度的建设要有一个公平、可持续发展的价值取向,社会保障政策的制定不能只看眼前效益,要有长远的发展目光。瑞典、德国、新加坡的社会保障制度的风险和改革内容对我国社会保障制度具有一定的启示与借鉴作用。最后提出了建立一套社会保障管理机制,包括完善法律机制、财政机制、评价机制、风险管理机制,建立风险管理机制能够及时地加以防范预警,改变以往试图建立一套无风险的社会保障制度的思路,建立社会保障制度风险管理机制,包括风险评价机制、风险预警机制以及风险决策机制。提高政府在制定社会保障政策时对可能出现的情况和风险的预见,保证政府及时修正社会保障制度运行中的失误,维护社会保障制度的可持续发展。
[Abstract]:The risk society comes quietly, the living environment and sustainable development of human beings are challenged, and the awareness of human risk is increasing. The problem of facing and paying attention to the risk has become a problem that the government, the expert group, the social organization and even the individual can't avoid. The social protection is to deal with the risk and deal with the risk. Social security itself also produces risks, and the interaction between risk and social security is also affected by the surrounding environment and other social subsystems. This perspective is the perspective observed by Luman's social system theory. The interaction of risk and social security under this system theory is a model for observing the development of social security and the development of social security. From the perspective of risk, this paper analyzes the interaction between risk and social security, including two aspects: one is that the social security system must overcome the risks from the system, improve the internal risk decision-making, and constantly improve the autonomy of the system; the two is that the social security system must accept the risk from the surrounding environment. In addition to these two risk challenges, social security also has an "external risk", that is, the risk that the social security system brings to the surrounding environment and other social subsystems. This external risk is equivalent to the economic "negative externality". Social security. The externality of the barrier can be regarded as an influence imposed on other social systems, and this effect can be identified, identifying it as a positive externality or negative externality. When the negative effects contain an unexpected danger, and when the negative effect is strong, it can be said to be a risk, and the external risk of social security is also This risk will pose a threat to other social systems, such as politics, economy, law, tradition and so on. The social security system is an institutional arrangement for the government to deal with the social risks of workers. The purpose is to correct the risks caused by market failure. However, when the government has failed, the social security policy is made. In the past, we study the social security system as a risk prevention system, even considering social security, if the positioning is not allowed, and the design of the operating mechanism is unreasonable and the other risk factors of the social system are affected during the operation. The risk of the system is also concerned only with the unreasonable design of social security system itself, and does not take into account the risks that social security will bring to other social subsystems and environment. Based on this, this paper expects to analyze the risk problems of various types of risk in the period of social transformation with the perspective of lean's risk system and the theory of externality. Under the environment of life, the external risk of the social security system, that is, the social security system as a mechanism to prevent risk, will also bring risks to other social subsystems or environment because of its own decision making failure or the change of the external environment. This article is divided into seven chapters: the first chapter is the introduction part, which mainly clarifies the selection. Background, definition of related concepts, review the research status of risk and externality theory, theoretical achievements and shortcomings, explain the research methods and significance, and summarize the main views and innovation points of the full text. The second chapter is the theoretical basis of this paper, mainly discussing the external theory and risk theory. The definition of externality is introduced. Classification, the relationship between social security and externality, and the analysis of the risk of social security from Luman's social system theory, provides theoretical guidance for the later chapters. The third chapter expounds the relationship between risk and social security. The historical process of the development and change of the Chinese social security system can not be ignored when the degree of the risk of the social security system can not be ignored. Only by putting the social security system into a "time" concept can the risk of the social security system be better analyzed. The risk of social security is classified and the external risks and its performance of the social security system are emphasized. The fourth chapter is one of the case analysis of the European debt crisis. Through the study of the relationship between the European debt crisis and the social security, it shows the existence of the external risk of social security. In the developed countries with high welfare level, the relevant policies and systems of social security can not be adapted. The economic and social development of the country will also bring risks to other social systems. The serious consequences of the European debt crisis also have some inspiration for the development of our social security system. The fifth chapter is the two of the case analysis, the two track pension system, and the key reasons for the current dilemma of the reform of the pension insurance system in China. At the beginning of the design of the endowment insurance system, the enterprises and institutions take different safeguards. Through the concrete analysis of the reform of the pension system in institutions, we can make us understand the external risks of the social security system more intuitively, and have some enlightenment to the design of the social insurance system in China. Sixth Chapter three is the case analysis of the external risk of the minimum living security system in China. The minimum living security system in China is divided into the minimum living security system of urban residents and the rural minimum living security system. The general situation of the minimum living security system in urban and rural areas is introduced, and the external security system of urban and rural areas is separately outside. The seventh chapter puts forward a social security system for the establishment of a fair and sustainable development in China. The social security system will produce uncertainty and risk to other social systems in the process of development. The construction of social security system should have a fair, sustainable development value orientation and the formulation of social security policy. The risks and the contents of the social security system in Sweden, Germany and Singapore have some inspiration and reference for our social security system. Finally, we put forward a set of social security management mechanism, including the perfection of legal mechanism, financial mechanism, evaluation mechanism and risk management. The mechanism, the establishment of risk management mechanism can be timely to prevent early warning, change the previous attempt to establish a risk free social security system, establish a risk management mechanism of social security system, including risk assessment mechanism, risk early warning mechanism and risk decision-making mechanism. To improve the possibility of government in the formulation of social security policy The occurrence and risk foresight ensure that the government promptly corrections the mistakes in the operation of the social security system and safeguard the sustainable development of the social security system.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D632.1

【参考文献】