日本政府规制政策演进研究

发布时间：2018-06-24 04:52

本文选题：日本 + 政府规制　；参考：《辽宁大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：市场经济本质是契约经济，在资源配置中发挥基础性作用。二战后，日本进行了战后改革，逐步恢复了市场经济秩序，但同时也伴随着浓厚的政府干预和调节色彩。政府主导型的市场经济体制把市场机制和政府调节有机结合，在宏观领域实行凯恩斯主义的经济政策，同时为了扶持和促进微观经济的发展，维护市场秩序，政府对微观经济进行了干预。这一时期日本政府的规制政策主要侧重于保护和扶持国内产业、促进工业振兴和经济发展，以实现赶超欧美的目标，而竞争政策的作用相对弱化。政府调节和市场机制的有机结合，为日本经济发展提供了稳定的环境。但自二十世纪七十年代以来，外部条件发生变化，经济全球化进程迅猛发展，科学技术不断创新，日本结构性矛盾开始显现，国家带动型增长模式越来越不能适应国际市场的需求。高规制带来高成本，低效、封闭的非贸易货物行业占据了国民经济的绝大部分，国家负担越来越重。过时的规制体系造成了结构僵化，导致经济停滞不前。经济思潮是经济实践的映射，同时规制实践也受到了经济思潮的影响。在新自由主义思潮推动下，美英等成熟市场经济体率先开始了规制改革的进程，并逐步演化成为一种世界性潮流，日本也紧随其后，伴随着行政改革与公企民营化进程展开了规制缓和。进入二十世纪九十年代，在泡沫经济的繁华后，不良债权、通货紧缩等问题更使得日本经济长期在低谷中徘徊，最初实行规制缓和是因为出现经济下滑，人们认为是政府规制扼杀了创新与创业精神，阻碍了经济的发展，但以放松规制的方法来抑制经济下行并不十分成功。进入二十一世纪，规制缓和最终被规制改革及全面的规制政策所取代。日本规制实践已经从规制缓和，即以放松经济性规制为主，发展到规制改革，局部领域加强规制与社会领域规制改革，再发展到从总体上改善规制质量，实现规制治理的阶段。然而，美国次贷危机的爆发动摇了以新自由主义信念为基石的规制改革，尤其是伴随着严重的东日本大地震，人们开始反思新自由主义给日本带来的影响，进而对规制改革目标进行了修正：规制改革的最终目的是为了人民的安心和安全，规制改革已经从单一的制度供给方的改革转变为迎合制度需求方的，并谋求提高规制质量的改革。同样的，规制改革也是中国经济社会整体转型的一部分。自改革开放以来，中国政府在规制实践领域取得了很大进展，但同时规制机构的设置不仅没有独立于政府，，甚至在有些领域仍没有独立于企业，政府在缺乏约束和监督的情况下掌握大量的审批权，政府寻租空间被拓展。政府以规制形式参与了市场配置资源的过程，政府决定了资源的投向和对象，从而造成资源错配。本文试图在研究日本规制政策的历史演进的经验中，获得对中国规制改革的有益启示。本文采取规范分析和实证分析结合的方法、案例分析法等方法来分析时间跨度长达半个多世纪的不同时期的日本规制政策演变。通过对不同时期日本政府规制政策产生的历史背景、规制政策、规制机构、规制绩效等问题的厘清，试图全面、深入地理解日本的规制政策。本文由七章内容组成。其中：第1章是绪论，包括问题的提出，规制与规制改革的内涵，文献综述、论文的研究意义、方法与创新，文章基本内容和结构安排。第2章是规制与政府、市场关系的理论框架。本章论述了影响规制缓和与规制改革的经济思潮的演变，从自由放任到市场规制，再到新自由主义思潮影响下的规制改革，及二十一世纪的新自由主义反思。第3章论述战后到二十世纪八十年代之前的国家干预，从战时统制型体制到战后规制型体制。在这种体制下，政府强化了产业政策而弱化了竞争政策，在促进经济高速增长的同时也带来了规制的症结，如市场封闭、行业垄断、规制俘获等。第4章论述了受新自由主义思潮影响，二十世纪八十年代后的规制缓和的展开。本章首先提出了规制缓和的外部动因；其次，分析了规制缓和行动迟缓的症结；再次，提出了这一阶段规制缓和的主要特点，是伴随着行政改革与公企民营化的规制缓和；接着进行了日本电信、日本国铁、日本航空的案例分析；最后分析了由细川内阁到森喜朗内阁的《规制缓和推进计划》情况。第5章论述了二十世纪九十年代中期到二十一世纪初日本由规制缓和走向规制改革。本章首先从国内、国际两方面原因提出了改革的迫切性；其次，着重考察了小泉时期规制治理结构的构建情况；之后，运用案例分析法和国际比较视角对规制改革绩效进行实证分析。第6章论述了受新自由主义修正影响下的日本规制改革。首先分析了这种转变的动因，主要受到了美国次贷危机和东日本大地震的影响；之后，指明了改革的方向：为民生谋利的规制改革。第7章是主要结论及启示。在以上分析的基础上，得到了日本规制政策演变的主要结论，最后概括了对中国的启示。
[Abstract]:The essence of the market economy is the contract economy, which plays a fundamental role in the allocation of resources. After World War II, Japan carried out post-war reform and gradually restored the order of the market economy, but it also accompanied the strong government intervention and adjustment of color. The government led market economy combines the market mechanism with the government regulation, and in the macro field. In order to support and promote the microeconomic development and maintain the market order, the government intervened in the microeconomy in order to support and promote the development of the microeconomy. In this period, the government's regulation policy mainly focused on protecting and supporting the domestic industry, promoting industrial revitalization and economic development, in order to achieve the goal of catching up with Europe and the United States, and competition to compete with Europe and the United States. The role of policy is relatively weakened. The organic combination of government regulation and market mechanism provides a stable environment for Japanese economic development.
But since 1970s, the external conditions have changed, the process of economic globalization has developed rapidly, the science and technology have been innovating, the structural contradictions in Japan are beginning to appear, and the mode of national driven growth is becoming more and more incompatible with the demand of the international market. High regulation brings high cost, low efficiency and closed non trade goods industry. The overwhelming majority of the people's economy, the burden of the state is becoming more and more heavy. The outdated regulatory system has resulted in structural stiffness and economic stagnation. The economic trend of thought is the mapping of economic practice, and the regulation practice has also been influenced by the economic trend of thought. Under the impetus of the Neo liberalism, the United States and Britain and other mature market economies have taken the lead in the regulation reform. The process has gradually evolved into a worldwide trend, followed by Japan. Along with the process of administrative reform and privatization of public enterprises, regulation has been relaxed.
In 1990s, after the flourishing of the bubble economy, the problems of bad creditor's rights and deflation made the Japanese economy hovering in the low valley for a long time. The initial regulation was due to the economic decline. People thought that the government regulation strangled innovation and entrepreneurial spirit and hindered the development of the economy, but it was the side of deregulation. It is not very successful to suppress the economic downdescending. In twenty-first Century, the regulation and regulation reform and the comprehensive regulation policy were replaced by the regulation. The regulation practice in Japan has been replaced by the regulation and regulation, that is, to relax the regulation, that is, to relax economic regulation, develop regulation reform, strengthen regulation and social regulation reform in local areas, and then develop from general to general. Improving the quality of regulation and realizing the stage of regulation and governance.
However, the outbreak of the American subprime crisis has shaken the regulation reform based on the belief of neoliberalism, especially with the severe earthquake in East Japan, and people began to reflect on the influence of Neo liberalism to Japan, and then revise the goal of regulation reform: the ultimate aim of the regulation reform is for the people's peace and security. All, regulatory reform has changed from the reform of a single system supplier to cater for the demand side of the system, and seeks to improve the quality of regulation reform.
Similarly, regulatory reform is also a part of the overall economic and social transformation of China. Since the reform and opening up, the Chinese government has made great progress in the field of regulation and practice. At the same time, the setting of regulatory institutions is not only independent of the government, but in some areas it is still not independent of the enterprise, and the government is in the absence of constraints and supervision. Holding a large number of approval rights, the government rent-seeking space has been expanded. The government participates in the process of market allocation of resources by the form of regulation. The government determines the investment and object of resources and causes the mismatch of resources. This article tries to gain useful enlightenment to the reform of China's regulation in the experience of the historical evolution of the Japanese regulation policy.
This article adopts the method of combination of normative analysis and empirical analysis, the method of case analysis and other methods to analyze the evolution of Japanese regulation policy in different periods of more than half a century. Through the historical background of Japanese government regulation policy in different periods, the clarification of regulations policy, regulatory agency, regulation performance and so on. Face, deep understanding of Japan's regulatory policy.
This article is composed of seven chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction, including the proposal of the problem, the connotation of the regulation and regulation reform, the literature review, the significance of the research, the method and innovation, the basic content and the structure arrangement of the article.
The second chapter is the theoretical framework that regulates the relationship between the government and the market. This chapter discusses the evolution of the economic trend of thought that affects the regulation and regulation reform, from laissez faire to market regulation, to the regulation reform under the influence of Neo liberalism, and the rethinking of the new liberalism in twenty-first Century.
The third chapter discusses the state intervention from the war period to the 1980s, from the wartime control system to the post-war regulatory system. Under this system, the government has strengthened the industrial policy and weakened the competition policy. It also brought about the regulatory symptoms while promoting the rapid economic growth, such as market closure, industry monopoly, and regulation capture.
The fourth chapter discusses the influence of Neo liberalism and the moderation of regulation after 1980s. This chapter first puts forward the external motivation of regulation mitigation; secondly, it analyzes the crux of the slow regulation of regulation mitigation action, and puts forward the main characteristics of the regulation mitigation in this stage, which is accompanied by administrative reform and the private enterprise private sector. And then the case analysis of Japan Telecom, Japan's national rail and Japan Airlines was carried out. Finally, the situation of "regulation mitigation plan" from the cabinet of cabinet to Yoshiro Mori's cabinet was analyzed.
The fifth chapter discusses the regulation reform from mid 1990s to early twenty-first Century in Japan. This chapter first puts forward the urgency of the reform from two aspects of the domestic and international reasons. Secondly, it focuses on the construction of the regulation structure of the regulation in the Koizumi period; after that, the case analysis method and the international comparative perspective are used. An empirical analysis of the performance of regulatory reform is carried out.
The sixth chapter discusses the reform of Japanese regulation under the influence of the amendment of Neo liberalism. First, it analyzes the motivation of this transformation, mainly influenced by the American subprime mortgage crisis and the great earthquake in East Japan, and then points out the direction of the reform: the regulation reform for the livelihood of the people's livelihood.
The seventh chapter is the main conclusion and inspiration. On the basis of the above analysis, we get the main conclusions of the evolution of Japan's regulation policy, and finally sum up the enlightenment to China.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：F131.3

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