寒地稻草还田与施氮对土壤速效氮及水稻氮素吸收的影响

发布时间：2018-04-13 19:21

本文选题：稻草还田 + 寒地水稻　；参考：《东北农业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：中国是全球最大的水稻生产国,米饭是中国最受欢迎的主食之一,水稻的种植直接影响国家粮食安全战略。随着水稻推广面积的增多,大量稻草秸秆如何处理成为了当下研究的热点。秸秆焚烧不仅会污染空气,而且会破坏土壤结构,造成农田质量下降。秸秆中蕴含大量植物生长所必需元素,可以作为环境友好型有机肥。作物秸秆还田技术是农业生产先进技术之一,通过秸秆还田的方式达到改良土壤结构、培肥土壤、抗旱增产,实现农业可持续发展的目的。氮肥的投入为水稻粮食高产稳产提供了保障,合理施肥是农作物生产过程中非常重要的一个环节,秸秆还田后水稻的施肥方式将随之发生变化。本试验以盆栽的方式,设置STM(稻草不还田)、0.5STR(40g/盆)、1.0STR(80g/盆)、1.5STR(120g/盆)、2STR(160g/盆)五个稻草还田量和N0(不施尿素),N1(1.05g/盆),N2(2.10g/盆)三个施氮肥量处理。通过连续两年的试验研究寒地稻草还田配施氮肥对土壤速效氮、水稻氮素吸收、水稻产量的影响,为寒地水稻秸秆还田生产提供理论依据、为科学发展农业循环经济提供指导方向。结果表明:稻草还田配施氮肥后,分蘖期水稻土壤溶液铵态氮含量在STM和0.5STR时达到较高水平,伴随稻草还田量的提升,土壤溶液铵态氮含量又开始降低,2STR稻草还田量会在水稻分蘖期降低土壤溶液铵态氮含量。N0中土壤溶液铵态氮含量要低于N1和N2,氮肥的补充使得水稻分蘖期土壤溶液铵态氮含量再次提升。总体来看孕穗期水稻土壤溶液铵态氮含量在各个处理中趋于稳定,差异不显著,N0土壤溶液铵态氮含量在该时期受稻草还田量影响不大,N1和N2土壤溶液铵态氮含量在1.5STR和2STR下要低于其他处理。分蘖期水稻土壤溶液硝态氮和无机氮含量随稻草还田量增加而增加,氮肥施用量对土壤溶液硝态氮含量影响不明显,氮肥的增加使土壤溶液无机氮含量小幅增加。孕穗期的土壤溶液硝态氮和无机氮含量要高于前一个生育时期,不施氮肥和高量施氮肥处理整体上土壤溶液硝态氮和无机氮含量差异不大,N1施氮量,STM和0.5STR还田处理土壤溶液硝态氮和无机氮含量要高于其他处理。高量的秸秆还田和高量的氮肥施入,不利于土壤溶液硝态氮和无机氮含量的提升。稻草还田配施氮肥处理中,分蘖期在STM和0.5STR处理土壤铵态氮含量较低,1STR、1.5STR和2STR土壤铵态氮含量较高,稻草还田量的提升有助于分蘖期土壤铵态氮含量的提高,在N2施氮量下土壤铵态氮含量随稻草还田量变化不大,都保持一个相对较高的水平。孕穗期土壤铵态氮含量随施氮肥量的增加而增加,且差异显著。总的来看,氮肥的增加在分蘖期会提高土壤铵态氮含量。成熟期土壤铵态氮含量相比前两个生育时期开始大幅度降低,土壤铵态氮含量随稻草还田量的增加而减少,0.5STR、1STR、1.5STR和2STR处理土壤铵态氮含量远低于STM处理。分蘖期和孕穗期土壤硝态氮含量随施肥量的增加而增加,并呈现出显著的差异,稻草还田导致该时期土壤硝态氮含量下降。在成熟期不同稻草还田配施氮肥处理的土壤硝态氮含量差异显著,N0施氮量2STR处理,N1施氮量1STR处理,N2施氮量1.5STR处理土壤硝态氮含量达到了同处理中的最大值,适量的稻草还田配施氮肥促使土壤硝态氮含量增长。分蘖期土壤无机氮含量随施肥量的增加而增加,随稻草还田量的增加却呈现下降的趋势。孕穗期不同施氮肥量的土壤无机氮含量差异不显著,高量施氮肥并不能在该时期提升无机氮含量,随着稻草还田量的增加,即使是N2施氮量的土壤无机氮含量依然不高。在成熟期随着施氮量的增加,土壤无机氮含量都表现出显著差异,N0施氮量0.5STR处理会降低土壤无机氮含量,在N1和N2施氮量下STM处理的土壤无机氮含量显著降低,增加稻草还田量有助于成熟期土壤无机氮含量的提升。从水稻植株来看,在分蘖期随着稻草还田量的增加对水稻植株氮素吸收能力产生一定的抑制作用,氮素含量和氮素积累量都会下降。孕穗期配施氮肥情况下,稻草还田量增加,水稻地下部分氮素分配率相应提高,氮素含量和氮素积累量在1.5STR处达到最高,该时期稻草还田施氮肥会促进水稻地下部分氮素吸收能力,提高植株氮素积累量。成熟期氮肥的增加对水稻的株高、分蘖、有效分蘖千粒重和产量都会产生显著差异,成熟期地上部分和地下部分的氮素积累量分配率都开始降低,氮素转移向籽粒。稻草还田配施氮肥有利于水稻籽粒的氮素累积,但是过高的氮肥或是过高的稻草还田量,都会导致氮素被分配到地上秸秆部分和地下根茎部分,不利于氮素向籽粒的转移。两年产量规律一致,N0施氮量产量在0.5STR处理达到最大值(2014年43.75g/盆,2015年32.61g/盆);N1施氮量产量在1STR处理达到最大值(2014年82.85g/盆,2015年69.92g/盆);N2施氮量两年产量分别在0.5STR和1STR处理达到最大值(2014年110.44g/盆,2015年103.26g/盆),氮肥的投入会显著提升水稻的产量,适量的稻草还田配合氮肥投入,有助于提升水稻的产量,高量的稻草还田反而会引起水稻减产。
[Abstract]:Chinese is the world's largest producer of rice, the staple food Chinese Steamed Rice is one of the most popular, rice planting directly affect national food security strategy. With the increasing of rice area, how much straw processing has become a hot topic. The burning of straw not only pollute the air, and will destroy the soil structure, resulting in farmland quality decreased. Straw contains a large number of plant growth essential elements, can be used as environmentally friendly organic fertilizer technology. Crop straw is one of the advanced technology of agricultural production, improve soil structure by straw, soil fertility, drought resistance and yield, to achieve sustainable development of agriculture. Nitrogen fertilizer provides guarantee for rice grain high yield, reasonable fertilization is a very important link in the process of crop production, fertilizer of rice straw application will be issued Change. Potted way, set the STM (straw returning), 0.5STR (40g/ basin), 1.0STR (80g/ basin), 1.5STR (120g/ basin), 2STR (160g/ pot) five rice straw returning and N0 (no urea), N1 (1.05g/ basin), N2 (2.10g/ pot three) nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Through the cold test of two consecutive years of straw returning with nitrogen fertilizer on soil available nitrogen, nitrogen uptake and grain yield of rice, and provide a theoretical basis for rice straw production, to provide guidance for the scientific development of agricultural circular economy. The results showed that straw mulching and nitrogen nitrogen fertilizer, tillering stage of rice soil solution ammonium nitrogen content reached a high level in STM and 0.5STR, with the increase of straw returning soil solution, ammonium nitrogen content began to decrease, 2STR will reduce the amount of rice straw returning soil soluble content of soil solution of ammonium nitrogen liquid ammonium nitrogen content in.N0 at tillering stage of rice Less than N1 and N2, the nitrogen supplement makes the tillering stage of rice soil solution ammonium nitrogen content was again improved. Overall at booting stage of rice soil solution ammonium nitrogen content tends to be stable in each treatment, the difference was not significant, N0 soil solution of ammonium nitrogen content in the straw returning period by little effect, and N1 N2 soil solution ammonium nitrogen content was lower than that of other treatment in 1.5STR and 2STR at tillering stage of rice soil solution nitrate nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen content increased with straw returning amount increased, effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate content in soil solution is not obvious, the increase of the nitrogen to the soil solution inorganic nitrogen content increased slightly at booting. The soil solution nitrate nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen content was higher than the previous period, the high amount of nitrogen and nitrogen fertilizer on the whole difference of soil solution nitrate nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen content is N1, the amount of nitrogen, STM and 0.5S TR incorporation of soil solution nitrate nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen content is higher than that of other treatments. The high amount of straw and high amount of nitrogen fertilizer, is not conducive to the soil solution nitrate nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen content improved. Straw returning with nitrogen fertilizer, tillering stage in STM and 0.5STR soil ammonium nitrogen low 1STR, high 1.5STR and 2STR soil ammonium nitrogen content, contribute to the tillering stage of ammonium nitrogen content in soil increased rice straw returning increased, fertilizer nitrogen content changed little soil ammonium nitrogen with straw returning amount in N2, maintain a relatively high level. The soil at booting stage the ammonium nitrogen content increased with nitrogen fertilizer, and the difference was significant. Overall, the increase of the nitrogen in the tillering stage will increase the ammonium nitrogen content in soil. The mature period of ammonium nitrogen content in soil compared to the previous two stages to reduce, soil ammonium nitrogen Decreased with increasing of straw returning amount of 0.5STR, 1STR, 1.5STR and 2STR of soil ammonium nitrogen is much lower than that of STM. Increasing the tillering and booting stage of soil nitrate nitrogen content increased with increasing amount of fertilizer, and showed significant differences, straw mulching resulted in decreased soil nitrate content during this period. In the straw mulching and nitrogen between the content of soil nitrate nitrogen treatment was significantly different in mature stage, N0 n 2STR, N1 n 1STR, N2 n 1.5STR soil nitrate nitrogen content reached the maximum value with the treatment in the treatment of straw returning with the amount of nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen the content of soil increased tillering growth. Soil inorganic nitrogen content increased with the fertilizer amount increased, with the increase of straw returning amount declined. At the booting stage of different soil inorganic nitrogen content of nitrogen was not significant, the high amount of nitrogen and not in the To enhance the content of inorganic nitrogen period, with the increase of straw returning amount, even if the soil inorganic nitrogen content in N2 nitrogen is still not high. In mature stage, with the increase of nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen content in soil showed significant difference, N0 0.5STR will reduce the amount of nitrogen content of soil inorganic nitrogen, soil inorganic fertilizer the nitrogen content of STM nitrogen in N1 and N2 decreased significantly, increase the amount of rice straw returning contribute to soil inorganic nitrogen content of mature promotion. From rice plants at tillering stage, with the increase of the amount of rice straw returning had inhibiting effect on rice plant nitrogen absorption, nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen content are drop. At booting stage with nitrogen under the condition of rice straw increased, the underground part of rice nitrogen distribution rate increased, nitrogen content and nitrogen accumulation reached the highest level at 1.5STR, the period of rice straw fertilizer will promote The ability to absorb into the underground parts of rice nitrogen, improve nitrogen accumulation. The mature period the increase of nitrogen fertilizer on rice plant height, tiller, tiller weight and yield have significant difference, nitrogen in ripening stage and underground part accumulation distribution rate began to decrease nitrogen transfer to grain straw returning with. Application of nitrogen to grain nitrogen accumulation, but high nitrogen fertilizer or straw returning amount is too high, will lead to nitrogen was assigned to the ground part and underground part of straw roots, is not conducive to the transfer of nitrogen to the grain yield of N0. Two years, the amount of nitrogen yield reached the maximum at 0.5STR (2014 43.75g/ basin, 32.61g/ basin); 2015 N1 nitrogen yield reached the maximum at 1STR (2014 2015 69.92g/ 82.85g/ basin, N2 basin); nitrogen yield reached the maximum in two years were 0.5STR and 1STR Value (2014 110.44g/ basin, 2015 103.26g/ basin), the input of nitrogen fertilizer will significantly increase the yield of rice. Proper amount of rice straw returning to field and nitrogen input will help to increase rice yield. High yield straw returning will cause rice yield reduction.

【学位授予单位】：东北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S511;S158

【参考文献】