兰州市生态景观格局研究
发布时间：2018-08-28 11:22
【摘要】：加快城市化进程是我国面向21世纪的重要选择，国内许多城市纷纷以迅速提高城市化水平为发展目标。人们通过各种近乎极端的方式改变土地覆被来满足城市化的需要，这些改变使得城市景观布局复杂程度增大，同时这种复杂的景观布局又严重影响了城市生态系统的功能，水体污染、城市垃圾、城市自然生境损失、绿地减少、景观破碎化、城市通达性降低等“城市病”就是因此形成的。通过景观生态学理论及方法的运用，对城市的景观生态格局进行研究，可以揭示出城市生态环境现状及其景观空间演变的特征。一旦很好地把握景观格局空间演变的过程及主导因素，就可以为景观生态的评价及合理布局规划提供科学的依据。 本文选择兰州市城关区、七里河区、安宁区、西固区为研究对象，借助遥感影像分析、GIS技术的支持，以景观生态学理论和方法为指导，对研究区2000年和2009年的景观格局演变特征及影响机制进行了分析，在考虑研究区自身特殊性的基础上，结合景观生态规划的原则和方法，对研究区景观生态格局规划提出一些设想。 首先将兰州市城区2000年和2009年两期LandsatETM+30米分辨率遥感影像利用GIS手段进行解译，提取研究区用地信息。根据研究区特点对其土地利用类型划分为城镇建设用地、耕地、农村居民用地、林地、荒草地、水域和其它用地七种类型。对解译后的遥感影像进行栅格（GRID)化处理。选取17个景观指数，将栅格（GRID)数据导入Fragstats软件计算得出结果。根据这些结果对研究区在景观和景观类型两个尺度上进行了景观异质性分析。 1.在景观尺度上，研究区景观格局表现为： (1)斑块数量发生较大变化，由2000年的1853个减少的2009年1466个，斑块密度由2000年的1.7759个/lOOha下降到2009年的1.4050/1OOha,表明研究区内的景观总体破碎度降低。 (2)优势斑块面积增大，景观形状指数、面积周长分维数降低，表明在2000年-2009年间人类活动对城市景观的干扰增强，，景观的形状越来越趋向较规则的几何形状。小型斑块发生了整合，其在数量上有所下降。 (3)相似邻接比指数、斑块结合度指数、聚集度指数，2009年较2000年都有小幅的增加，说明景观的连接度有所增强（不区分斑块的类型），优势斑块地位明显，斑块的分布由分散趋向越来越集中。 (4)多样性指数和均匀度指数有所增大，表明在研究区内存在破碎度增加的区域，通过实地调查并结合当时的影像资料可以发现，这类景观主要集中于城乡交错地带，工交建设用地的增加、城镇建设用地的扩张、对耕地的占用增加、规划不合理等是形成这一情形的主要原因。 2.在景观要素类型尺度上，研究区景观格局表现为： (1)从各类型景观面积来说，2000-2009年间，城镇建设用地增加较多，耕地面积明显减少，交通用地面积呈上升趋势，农村居民用地和水域面积则有所减少，林地和荒草地面积有所增加。 (2)就景观形状来看，分维数指数呈现出城市中心区景观类型 城市近郊区景观类型城市远郊区景观类型，人工景观分维数较自然景观低，这主要是经过人工雕琢的景观其形状更加规则。 (3)就斑块的连接度来看，各类型斑块之间的连接度有所提高，在一些城乡交错地带景观类型的连接度较低。人类活动对景观影响强烈使得景观类型结构复杂，城乡交错带具有较高的景观异质性和多样性，景观破碎化程度高。 3.在研究区景观生态规划方面，文章着重从以下几方面进行了探讨： (1)生态廊道建设规划。（2)研究区绿地生态工程规划。（3)功能区景观生态规划。（4)南北两山规划。（5)城乡交错带及生态敏感区土地利用研究。
[Abstract]:Accelerating the process of urbanization is an important choice facing the 21st century in China. Many cities in China are aiming to rapidly improve the level of urbanization. People change the land cover to meet the needs of urbanization in various near-extreme ways. These changes make the layout of urban landscape more complex, and at the same time, this complex landscape. Layout has seriously affected the function of urban ecosystem, water pollution, urban garbage, loss of urban natural habitat, reduction of green space, landscape fragmentation, and decrease of urban accessibility, and so on. The present situation of urban ecological environment and its characteristics of landscape spatial evolution can provide scientific basis for landscape ecological evaluation and rational layout planning once the process and dominant factors of landscape pattern spatial evolution are well grasped.
This paper chooses Chengguan District, Qilihe District, Anning District and Xigu District of Lanzhou City as the research objects. With the help of remote sensing image analysis, GIS technology and the guidance of landscape ecology theory and method, the paper analyzes the landscape pattern evolution characteristics and impact mechanism of the study area in 2000 and 2009. On the basis of considering the particularity of the study area itself, Combined with the principles and methods of landscape ecological planning, some tentative plans for landscape ecological pattern planning in the study area are put forward.
The Landsat ETM+30m resolution remote sensing images of Lanzhou city in 2000 and 2009 were interpreted by GIS to extract the land use information of the study area. According to the characteristics of the study area, the land use types were divided into seven types: urban construction land, cultivated land, rural residential land, woodland, wasteland, water and other land. Then the remote sensing images were processed by grid (GRID). 17 landscape indices were selected and imported into Fragstats software to calculate the results.
1. on the landscape scale, the landscape pattern of the study area is as follows:
(1) The number of patches decreased from 1853 in 2000 to 1 466 in 2009, and the density of patches decreased from 1.7759/lOha in 2000 to 1.4050/1Oha in 2009, indicating that the overall landscape fragmentation in the study area decreased.
(2) The increase of dominant patch area, the decrease of landscape shape index and fractal dimension of area circumference indicate that the disturbance of human activities to urban landscape increased during 2000-2009, and the shape of landscape tended to more regular geometry.
(3) Similar adjacency ratio index, patch combination index and aggregation index increased slightly in 2009 compared with 2000, indicating that landscape connectivity increased (without distinguishing patch types), dominant patch position was obvious, and patch distribution tended to be more and more concentrated from dispersion.
(4) Diversity index and evenness index increased, indicating that the fragmentation increased in the study area. Through field investigation and combined with the image data at that time, it can be found that this kind of landscape mainly concentrated in the urban-rural ecotone, the increase of construction land for industrial interchange, the expansion of urban construction land, the increase of occupation of cultivated land, planning does not. Reasonable waiting is the main reason for this situation.
2. on the scale of landscape elements, the landscape pattern of the study area is as follows:
(1) From 2000 to 2009, urban construction land increased, cultivated land decreased, traffic land increased, rural residential land and water area decreased, woodland and grassland increased.
(2) As far as landscape shape is concerned, the fractal dimension index shows the landscape type of urban central area, urban suburban landscape type and urban suburban landscape type. The fractal dimension of artificial landscape is lower than that of natural landscape.
(3) In terms of patch connectivity, the connectivity between patches has been improved, and in some urban-rural ecotones, the connectivity of landscape types is low. Human activities have a strong impact on the landscape, which makes the structure of landscape types complex, the urban-rural ecotone has a high degree of landscape heterogeneity and diversity, and the degree of landscape fragmentation is high.
3. in the area of landscape ecological planning, the article focuses on the following aspects:
(1) Ecological corridor construction planning. (2) Green space ecological engineering planning. (3) Landscape ecological planning of functional areas. (4) North-South mountain planning. (5) Land use research in urban-rural ecotone and ecologically sensitive areas.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：P901;TU984.2
[Abstract]:Accelerating the process of urbanization is an important choice facing the 21st century in China. Many cities in China are aiming to rapidly improve the level of urbanization. People change the land cover to meet the needs of urbanization in various near-extreme ways. These changes make the layout of urban landscape more complex, and at the same time, this complex landscape. Layout has seriously affected the function of urban ecosystem, water pollution, urban garbage, loss of urban natural habitat, reduction of green space, landscape fragmentation, and decrease of urban accessibility, and so on. The present situation of urban ecological environment and its characteristics of landscape spatial evolution can provide scientific basis for landscape ecological evaluation and rational layout planning once the process and dominant factors of landscape pattern spatial evolution are well grasped.
This paper chooses Chengguan District, Qilihe District, Anning District and Xigu District of Lanzhou City as the research objects. With the help of remote sensing image analysis, GIS technology and the guidance of landscape ecology theory and method, the paper analyzes the landscape pattern evolution characteristics and impact mechanism of the study area in 2000 and 2009. On the basis of considering the particularity of the study area itself, Combined with the principles and methods of landscape ecological planning, some tentative plans for landscape ecological pattern planning in the study area are put forward.
The Landsat ETM+30m resolution remote sensing images of Lanzhou city in 2000 and 2009 were interpreted by GIS to extract the land use information of the study area. According to the characteristics of the study area, the land use types were divided into seven types: urban construction land, cultivated land, rural residential land, woodland, wasteland, water and other land. Then the remote sensing images were processed by grid (GRID). 17 landscape indices were selected and imported into Fragstats software to calculate the results.
1. on the landscape scale, the landscape pattern of the study area is as follows:
(1) The number of patches decreased from 1853 in 2000 to 1 466 in 2009, and the density of patches decreased from 1.7759/lOha in 2000 to 1.4050/1Oha in 2009, indicating that the overall landscape fragmentation in the study area decreased.
(2) The increase of dominant patch area, the decrease of landscape shape index and fractal dimension of area circumference indicate that the disturbance of human activities to urban landscape increased during 2000-2009, and the shape of landscape tended to more regular geometry.
(3) Similar adjacency ratio index, patch combination index and aggregation index increased slightly in 2009 compared with 2000, indicating that landscape connectivity increased (without distinguishing patch types), dominant patch position was obvious, and patch distribution tended to be more and more concentrated from dispersion.
(4) Diversity index and evenness index increased, indicating that the fragmentation increased in the study area. Through field investigation and combined with the image data at that time, it can be found that this kind of landscape mainly concentrated in the urban-rural ecotone, the increase of construction land for industrial interchange, the expansion of urban construction land, the increase of occupation of cultivated land, planning does not. Reasonable waiting is the main reason for this situation.
2. on the scale of landscape elements, the landscape pattern of the study area is as follows:
(1) From 2000 to 2009, urban construction land increased, cultivated land decreased, traffic land increased, rural residential land and water area decreased, woodland and grassland increased.
(2) As far as landscape shape is concerned, the fractal dimension index shows the landscape type of urban central area, urban suburban landscape type and urban suburban landscape type. The fractal dimension of artificial landscape is lower than that of natural landscape.
(3) In terms of patch connectivity, the connectivity between patches has been improved, and in some urban-rural ecotones, the connectivity of landscape types is low. Human activities have a strong impact on the landscape, which makes the structure of landscape types complex, the urban-rural ecotone has a high degree of landscape heterogeneity and diversity, and the degree of landscape fragmentation is high.
3. in the area of landscape ecological planning, the article focuses on the following aspects:
(1) Ecological corridor construction planning. (2) Green space ecological engineering planning. (3) Landscape ecological planning of functional areas. (4) North-South mountain planning. (5) Land use research in urban-rural ecotone and ecologically sensitive areas.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：P901;TU984.2
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