森林资源调查技术与方法研究

发布时间：2018-04-10 20:05

本文选题：森林资源调查 + 误差分析　；参考：《北京林业大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：森林是地球生态系统的重要组成部分,是人类社会得以持续健康发展的基础,我国为了掌握宏观森林资源现状与动态,经过五十余年的努力,构建了一整套较为完善的国家森林资源连续清查技术体系,并以5年为一个调查周期最终汇总形成面向全国的森林资源清查结果报告。其关键技术是精确测定同一固定样地的初查和复查数据,并利用所取得的成对值进行直接分析比较,以得到森林资源现状及其消长变化。本文围绕“森林资源调查技术与方法”这一重要的林业科学技术问题展开了较为创新和系统的研究,主要研究内容包括利用误差传播定律和数理统计方法分析森林资源调查中包含的各种误差及其相互关系,为了尽可能消除这些误差,研发高精度的森林调查仪器并验证其在固定样地调查中的使用效果和精度,研究利用多边形法进行森林蓄积量估测。首先,将森林资源调查中产生的误差分为抽样误差和观测误差。我国森林资源调查精度是以抽样误差的大小来表示,不包括观测误差,因此可能会出现抽样精度很高,但实际精度较低的情况。抽样误差是指由于样地抽样设计不当,导致样本平均数与总体平均数产生误差,而根据误差产生的不同环节,我们将观测误差分为样地面积误差、样地量测误差和样地模型误差,利用误差传播定律和数理统计方法,结合若干实际算例介绍了每种误差和总误差的计算方法及其相互关系,并提出了相应的系统改进设想。其次,为了尽可能的消除误差提高调查精度,对森林资源调查的关键技术与方法进行了研究,以自主研发的FTS-2型测树全站仪为森林资源调查装备,以30块大型乔木固定样地,约24500棵样木为研究对象进行调查试验,结果表明,利用高精度FTS-2型测树全站仪进行森林固定样地调查,可以得到固定样地中每棵树木的三维坐标,其中坐标测量中误差±4mmm,高程中误差±7mm；每木树高值测量精度约为97%,平均用时5秒；每木胸径值测量相对误差仅为2%,平均用时约为3秒；每木冠幅测量值相对误差10%,并实现树冠体积量测和三维表达；立木材积测量值精度可达95%。同时实现样木分布成图、样地样木精准复位与样地数字化三维建模；此外,以全站仪每木三维坐标为离散点信息,利用Voronoi多边形算法实现林分空间结构参数信息化提取和分析,最后介绍了其他先进设备--三维激光扫描仪和电子测树枪在样地调查中的应用,旨在为我国森林资源调查关键技术与方法提供先进精准的仪器装备和调查手段。最后,以FTS-2型测树全站仪为调查仪器,以多边形法为森林蓄积量调查方法,在北京市区及周边区县实验林场中随机抽取共计70个角规抽样点进行调查。通过与传统角规蓄积量调查方法比较得出多边形样地形状为六边形即样地边界木选择6棵时,林分蓄积量估测精度较高。同传统角规样地调查相比,利用多边形样地进森林蓄积量、林分密度、每公顷断面积、林分平均高等林分因子的调查具有更好的稳定性和准确性,精度均可达90%左右,该方法为我国森林蓄积量估测提供了新的方法和技术支持。
[Abstract]:The forest is an important part of the earth's ecosystem, is the basis for sustained and healthy development of the human society to our country, in order to grasp the current situation and dynamic macro forest resources, after fifty years of effort, establishes a perfect continuous assessment system of national forest resources, and in 5 years as a final summary form survey cycle the results of the national forest resources inventory report. The key technology is a fixed sample of the preliminary investigation and review the data accurately measured, and the use of paired values obtained by direct analysis and comparison, in order to get the change status and dynamics of forest resources.
This paper studied more innovation and system around the "technology and method of forest resources investigation of this important forestry science and technology, the main research contents include all kinds of error analysis in forest resource survey included the use of error propagation law and the method of mathematical statistics and their relations, as far as possible in order to eliminate the errors, the forest survey instrument with high precision the development and validation of the plots in the use of performance and accuracy, using the polygon method to estimate forest volume.
First of all, the errors in forest resource survey is divided into sampling error and observation error. The accuracy of the survey of forest resources in China is in terms of the size of sampling error does not include the observation error, so that there might be sampling accuracy is very high, but the actual accuracy is too low. The sampling error is due to sampling design improper, cause sample average and ensemble average error, and according to the different aspects of the error, we will be divided into the observation error area error plots, error and sample error model of sample volume, the error propagation law and the method of mathematical statistics, combined with some practical calculation methods for each error and the total error and their relations, and put forward the corresponding improvement suggestion system.
Secondly, as far as possible in order to eliminate the error and improve the accuracy of survey, key technologies and methods of investigation of forest resources were studied by FTS-2 independent research and development of measuring total station for forest resources survey equipment, with 30 pieces of large trees in fixed samples, about 24500 sample trees as the research object of investigation results show that test. Forest plots, tree measuring total station with high precision FTS-2, can obtain the three-dimensional coordinates of every tree plots, in which the error in the coordinate measuring elevation error + 4mmm + 7mm; each tree is about 97% high value measurement precision, the average time of 5 seconds per DBH; the value of the relative measurement error is only 2%, the average time of about 3 seconds; each tree crown measured relative error of 10%, and the canopy volume measurement and 3D expression; standing volume measurement precision can reach 95%. and wood distribution map, kind of like wood Accurate reduction and sample digital 3D modeling; in addition, the total station per wood three-dimensional coordinates of discrete points of information, realize the extraction and analysis of forest spatial structure parameter information using Voronoi polygon algorithm, finally introduces the application of other advanced equipment -- 3D laser scanner and electron gun in tree measurement plots, in order to provide advanced precision the apparatus and method for the investigation of key technologies and methods of investigation of forest resources in China.
Finally, the FTS-2 tree measuring total station survey instrument, the polygon method of forest volume for investigation, investigation in Beijing and the surrounding counties were randomly selected in the experimental forest of a total of 70 points. The sampling with the traditional gauge volume survey method to obtain the polygon like shape is hexagonal that kind of comparison 6 tree boundary trees, stand volume higher accuracy. Compared with the traditional gauge field survey, using polygonal plots into forest volume, forest density, basal area per hectare, higher forest stand average factors has better stability and accuracy, precision can reach 90% or so, the method for me the forest volume provides support for new methods and techniques of estimation.

【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：S757.2

【参考文献】