美国文官制度的建立与改革对其政治制度稳定性的影响

发布时间：2018-05-25 06:07

本文选题：文官制度 + 美国政治制度稳定性　；参考：《国际观察》2016年02期

【摘要】：偏向录用"专才"和注重从弱势群体中招收成员的美国文官制度所催生的文官阶层,构成了美国中产阶级的核心组成部分和美国政府管理的中坚力量。美国政治制度的稳定性有赖于其三权分立且制衡的政治体制的良性运行,不少学者认为,20世纪以来,这一体制呈现出总统权力膨胀的趋势,威胁了美国政治制度的稳定性,但这种担心夸大了问题的严重性。总统只是在处理危机以及外交和国防等领域内的权力在扩大,行政分支权力的扩大不完全等同于总统权力的扩大。文官系统与国会、总统之间形成的"一仆二主"关系以及与国会、利益集团之间形成的"铁三角"关系,遏制了总统权力的膨胀势头,加强了国会的地位。也有学者认为,不断膨胀的文官系统掌握了实权,架空了总统,但这是误把文官系统看成是一个整体。权力和利益都很分散且彼此竞争的文官系统重塑了三权分立且制衡的政治体制,使之在新的历史条件下达到了一种相对的平衡,从而为美国政治制度的稳定打下了新的基础。
[Abstract]:The civil class created by the American civil service system, which prefers to employ "professionals" and pays attention to recruiting members from the disadvantaged groups, constitutes the core part of the American middle class and the backbone of American government management. The stability of the American political system depends on the benign operation of its political system of separation of powers and checks and balances. Many scholars believe that since the 20th century, this system has shown a tendency of the expansion of presidential power, which threatens the stability of the political system of the United States. But such fears exaggerate the seriousness of the problem. The president is only dealing with the crisis and foreign affairs and national defense and other areas in the expansion of power, the expansion of executive branch power is not exactly equivalent to the expansion of presidential power. The relationship between the civil service system and the Congress, the "one servant and two masters" between the president and the Congress and the interest groups has restrained the expansion of the presidential power and strengthened the position of the Congress. Some scholars believe that the expanding civil service system holds the real power of the president, but this is a mistake to regard the civil service system as a whole. The civil service system, where power and interests are scattered and competing with each other, has reshaped the political system of separation of powers and checks and balances, which has made it a relative balance under the new historical conditions, thus laying a new foundation for the stability of the American political system.
【作者单位】：南京航空航天大学国际战略与安全研究中心;南京航空航天大学人文与社会科学学院;
【基金】：国家哲学社会科学基金项目“稳定性视角下的英美政治制度的运行机理比较研究”(项目编号:11BZZ010)的阶段性研究成果
【分类号】：D771.2

【相似文献】