中国古代善待弱势群体制度的法理分析

发布时间：2018-07-01 13:40

本文选题：弱势群体 + 鳏寡孤独　；参考：《浙江财经大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：弱势群体是普遍存在的社会现象,无论在人类历史发展的哪个阶段,无论在世界范围的哪个国家。从最广泛的意义上讲,只要有社会的存在,只要人与人之间有区别,强弱对立就是不可避免的。自建国以来至今,中国的法律制度逐步完善,改革开放和社会转型取得了很大的成就,但同时伴随着许多社会矛盾的产生,而中国弱势群体范围的逐渐扩大,保护需求的日益强烈,就是众多时代性难题中最为突出的问题之一。论文主要通过研究中国古代及当代的弱势群体法律制度,一方面更好地了解古代法律制度,另一方面剖析其思想渊源,掌握其合理之处及不足之处,从古代弱势群体法律善待制度中取其精华去其糟粕,再通过对中国当代弱势群体法律保护的现状分析,对比中国古代,以求从古代善待弱势群体制度中获取借鉴。本文正文分为以下几个部分:第一部分是绪论,包括研究的理论意义和实用价值、研究领域的国内外现状、弱势群体的内涵和分类。第二部分是中国古代善待弱势群体的法律制度的思想渊源。任何的法律制度都有其特定的思想渊源,中国古代善待弱势群体制度的思想渊源依次有以下四个层面的内容:西周忧患意识的觉醒——以“德”配天、孔子天道的人道化——推己之“恕”、孟子性善说的提出——恻隐之“心”、小康儒学派的“大同思想”。第三部分是中国古代善待弱势群体制度的历史发展。中国古代善待弱势群体法律制度的历史发展分为四个阶段:西周时期是中国古代善待弱势群体制度的起兴阶段,汉代时期是中国古代善待弱势群体制度的发展阶段,唐朝时期是中国古代善待弱势群体制度的成熟阶段,宋明清时期是中国古代善待弱势群体制度的完善阶段。第四部分是中国古代善待弱势群体制度的实践,笔者从案例的角度分析中国古代司法官在实践中如何倾向性保护弱势群体,从两则一房两卖的案例对比可以看出,同案不同判的原因在于一方是否有弱势群体,又列举几个案例以说明古代中国实践中主要是对鳏寡孤独和残疾的善待。第五部分是当代中国弱势群体法律保护制度。当代弱势群体法律保护制度的理想基础是西方的人本主义诉求、社会正义与公平、实质平等。当下我国对弱势群体的法律保护的制度设计主要在立法和法律实施两个方面的保护。当代中国弱势群体法律保护仍存在较大的不足,古代中国对弱势群体的善待制度经历几千年的考验,仍能对当下法律有所启示:对弱势群体的保护,必须通过建立完善的权利保护实施机制;在一定程度上给予弱弱势群体势群体更广泛的刑法保护;发挥政府的主导性,鼓励和发展公益基金等社会团体。
[Abstract]:The vulnerable group is a universal social phenomenon, no matter in any stage of human history development, no matter which country in the world. In the broadest sense, as long as there is a society, as long as there are differences between people, the strong and weak opposition is inevitable. Since the founding of the people's Republic of China, China's legal system has been gradually improved, great achievements have been made in reform, opening up and social transformation, but at the same time, with the emergence of many social contradictions, the scope of China's vulnerable groups has gradually expanded. The growing need for protection is one of the most prominent problems of the times. Through the study of the legal system of the vulnerable groups in ancient China and contemporary times, on the one hand, the thesis has a better understanding of the ancient legal system, on the other hand, it analyzes its ideological origin, and grasps its reasonableness and deficiency. This paper takes the essence of the legal treatment system of the ancient vulnerable groups to remove its dross, and then through the analysis of the current situation of the legal protection of the vulnerable groups in China, contrasts the ancient China, in order to obtain the reference from the ancient system of treating the vulnerable groups. The text of this paper is divided into the following parts: the first part is the introduction, including the theoretical significance and practical value of the research, the domestic and foreign situation of the research field, the connotation and classification of the vulnerable groups. The second part is the ideological origin of the legal system of treating the vulnerable groups in ancient China. Any legal system has its specific ideological origin. The ideological origin of the system of treating the vulnerable groups in ancient China has the following four levels in turn: the awakening of the consciousness of suffering in the Western Zhou Dynasty-matching with "virtue". The humanization of the Tao of Heaven of Confucius, the putting forward of Mencius' theory of sexual goodness and the "heart" of compassion, and the "thought of Great Harmony" of the Confucian School of Well-off Society. The third part is the historical development of the system of treating the vulnerable groups in ancient China. The historical development of the legal system of treating good to the vulnerable groups in ancient China is divided into four stages: the Western Zhou Dynasty is the rising stage of the ancient Chinese system of treating the vulnerable groups, and the period of the Han Dynasty is the development stage of the ancient Chinese system of treating the vulnerable groups well. The Tang Dynasty was the mature stage of the system of treating the vulnerable groups in ancient China, and the period of Song, Ming and Qing dynasties was the perfect stage of the system of treating the vulnerable groups in ancient China. The fourth part is the practice of treating the vulnerable groups in ancient China. From the angle of case, the author analyzes how to protect the vulnerable groups in practice by law enforcement judges in ancient China. From the comparison of two cases of "one house, one house" and "two selling", it can be seen. The reason for the different judgments in the same case lies in whether one party has a weak group or not, and enumerates several cases to illustrate that in ancient Chinese practice, widower loneliness and disability were treated well. The fifth part is the legal protection system of the vulnerable groups in contemporary China. The ideal foundation of the legal protection system for the vulnerable groups is the demand of humanism in the West, social justice and fairness, and substantive equality. At present, the system design of the legal protection of the vulnerable groups in our country mainly in the legislation and the implementation of the two aspects of protection. There are still some shortcomings in the legal protection of the vulnerable groups in contemporary China. After thousands of years of testing, the ancient Chinese kindness system to the vulnerable groups can still enlighten the current law: the protection of the vulnerable groups, We must establish a perfect implementation mechanism of rights protection; to a certain extent give more extensive criminal law protection to the weak and vulnerable groups; give play to the leading role of the government and encourage and develop public welfare funds and other social groups.
【学位授予单位】：浙江财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D929;D691.9

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