清代科举的知识规划、考试实践与士子群体的知识养成
发布时间：2019-03-26 16:25
【摘要】：科举考试对于士子群体购阅书籍、储备知识等行为具有明显的导向作用。自康熙朝以降,清代官方多次以皇帝的名义向各地颁行"御纂""御批""御定""钦定"等名目的各类书籍,并试图向科举制度渗透,以达到垂范士子、"道一风同"的目的。然而,清代乡会试衡文取士的实践却展现出重视首场乃至重视首场首艺的显著倾向,楷法的优劣也成为左右乡会试以外各项考试结果的关键因素,如此一来,科举考试的实践对官方的知识规划起到了"损之又损"、极度简化的作用。也因此,士子群体的阅读世界与知识世界往往偏重坊本制艺、试帖乃至闱墨、程文等文本,并多注意楷法的训练,从而与官方的期待渐行渐远。清代"历史知识"易涉忌讳的时代背景,外加考试实践对于史学的长期忽略,使得清代士子群体的"历史知识"尤其是关于本朝史事的知识极度匮乏,成为清代士子知识缺环的典型例证,也与晚清以来史学日益跃居"有用之学"乃至科举改制提高历史知识在考试中的比重与地位的趋向明显背离。
[Abstract]:Imperial examination plays an important role in buying and reading books, storing knowledge and so on. Since the Kangxi Dynasty, officials in the Qing Dynasty have repeatedly issued various kinds of books in the name of emperors to various places, such as "imperial compilation," imperial criticism, "imperial rule," and other famous items, and tried to infiltrate the imperial examination system in order to reach the emperors. The purpose of "one wind in the same way". However, in the Qing Dynasty, the practice of testing Hengwen scholars showed a significant tendency to attach importance to the first and even the first stage of the first art, and the merits and demerits of the regular law also became the key factors affecting the results of the tests other than the township examination, so as to make it possible to pay attention to the first and even the first art. The practice of imperial examination played a role of "loss and loss" and extreme simplification in the planning of official knowledge. Therefore, the reading world and the knowledge world of the scholars' sub-group tend to pay more attention to the training of regular law and so on, so as to go further away from the expectation of the official. The reading world and the knowledge world tend to lay stress on the traditional art, test posts and even ink, Cheng Wen and other texts, and pay more attention to regular training. The "historical knowledge" of Qing Dynasty is easily involved in the taboo background of the times, plus the long-term neglect of the examination practice to historiography, which makes the "historical knowledge" of the sub-group of scholars in Qing Dynasty extremely lacking, especially the knowledge about the historical events of the present dynasty. It has become a typical example of the lack of knowledge of scholars in the Qing Dynasty, and also deviated from the tendency of historiography increasingly leaping into "useful studies" and even improving the proportion and status of historical knowledge in the examination by the reform of imperial examinations since the late Qing Dynasty.
【作者单位】： 复旦大学历史系中外现代化进程研究中心;
【基金】：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“阅读变迁与知识转型——晚清科举考试用书研究”(15YJC770004)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：D691.3
本文编号：2447723
[Abstract]:Imperial examination plays an important role in buying and reading books, storing knowledge and so on. Since the Kangxi Dynasty, officials in the Qing Dynasty have repeatedly issued various kinds of books in the name of emperors to various places, such as "imperial compilation," imperial criticism, "imperial rule," and other famous items, and tried to infiltrate the imperial examination system in order to reach the emperors. The purpose of "one wind in the same way". However, in the Qing Dynasty, the practice of testing Hengwen scholars showed a significant tendency to attach importance to the first and even the first stage of the first art, and the merits and demerits of the regular law also became the key factors affecting the results of the tests other than the township examination, so as to make it possible to pay attention to the first and even the first art. The practice of imperial examination played a role of "loss and loss" and extreme simplification in the planning of official knowledge. Therefore, the reading world and the knowledge world of the scholars' sub-group tend to pay more attention to the training of regular law and so on, so as to go further away from the expectation of the official. The reading world and the knowledge world tend to lay stress on the traditional art, test posts and even ink, Cheng Wen and other texts, and pay more attention to regular training. The "historical knowledge" of Qing Dynasty is easily involved in the taboo background of the times, plus the long-term neglect of the examination practice to historiography, which makes the "historical knowledge" of the sub-group of scholars in Qing Dynasty extremely lacking, especially the knowledge about the historical events of the present dynasty. It has become a typical example of the lack of knowledge of scholars in the Qing Dynasty, and also deviated from the tendency of historiography increasingly leaping into "useful studies" and even improving the proportion and status of historical knowledge in the examination by the reform of imperial examinations since the late Qing Dynasty.
【作者单位】： 复旦大学历史系中外现代化进程研究中心;
【基金】：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“阅读变迁与知识转型——晚清科举考试用书研究”(15YJC770004)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：D691.3
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