基督清教与美国政治文化的形成

发布时间：2018-04-24 16:37

本文选题：清教 + 政治文化　；参考：《中国政法大学》2007年博士论文

【摘要】： 政教分离是美国政治的基本原则，但基督教在美国政治文化和政治生活中一直保持着重要的影响力。这种影响力确立于清教徒踏上北美大陆之时，清教徒因此被视为美国精神的始祖。清教主义不仅提供了神学和教会治理的观念，而且成为殖民地社会得以构建的核心要素，塑造了当时的政治观念、商业关系、家庭生活乃至个人行为的细节，也对美国政治文化的形成产生了重大影响。清教徒是北美殖民地上最早建立有序社会的移居者。虽然此后宗教的世俗化进程加速发展，但宗教的世俗化并不必然意味宗教的消亡，清教信仰在当时人们生活和观念中始终居于核心地位。文章第一部分以大量的篇幅展现在美国政治文化的形成时期，基督清教如何成为民众的生活方式，并进一步探讨清教影响美国政治文化形成的方式。在初民的生活中，清教主宰了人们全部的生活领域，宗教生活与世俗生活密不可分，清教通过全面掌控家庭、教育、公共生活等政治社会化途径，直接影响了政治文化的形成和传播；理性主义兴起后，政治主体高举自然权利和契约论的大旗，但其思维模式仍然是清教式的，清教影响并未消失，只是从全面直接影响转为间接的渗透。为更清晰地展现清教主义与美国政治文化观念间的关联性，文章第二部分选取清教教义中影响较大的神召论和契约论，深入剖析清教主义所演化出来的劳动观、财产观、自由观、政教分离观、政治权力分立观、个人观、共和观以及反对暴君、人民主权等观念，这些观念是用宗教词汇和逻辑表述出来的，而其内容却和美国建国时期的政治文化观念相差无几。诞生于清教社会中政治文化，其价值和观念自然以清教的价值和观念为母体。各种观念褪下了神圣的宗教光环而穿上世俗的新衣，但其核心内容和要素仍然保存完好。宗教仪式和组织依托神圣之名，往往给参与者的心灵和观念更为直接的影响，留下深刻的印迹。清教组织虽有派别之分，但公理宗的原则得到了新英格兰教会的普遍认可。清教徒在教会内部推行普遍平等和信徒自治原则，，在教会间实行联邦式的自治主义。作为北美荒野中最早出现的组织形式，清教组织的成功运作培育了信徒的主体意识和参与观念，也为美国政治组织的建立和运行提供了平等、民主、自治、地方主义等基本精神和实现途径。尽管基督清教并不是美国政治文化形成的唯一影响要素和动力来源，但是，不可否认，基督清教以系统的宗教教义和自治的宗教组织在北美构建了清教社会，为美国政治文化的形成提供了价值观念、伦理支撑和思维模式等基本内容，是影响美国政治文化形成的关键要素。
[Abstract]:The separation of state and religion is the basic principle of American politics, but Christianity has always maintained an important influence in American political culture and political life. This influence was established when the Puritans set foot on the North American continent, and the Puritans were therefore regarded as the ancestors of the American spirit. Puritanism not only provided theology and the idea of church governance, but also became the core element of the construction of colonial society, shaping the political concepts, business relationships, family life and even the details of personal behavior. It also had a great influence on the formation of American political culture. The Puritans were the first settlers in the North American colonies to establish an orderly society. Although the process of secularization of religion has been accelerated since then, the secularization of religion does not necessarily mean the demise of religion. Puritanism has always played a central role in people's life and ideas at that time. In the first part of the article, a large number of pages show how Protestantism became the way of life of the people in the period of the formation of American political culture, and further explored the way that Puritanism influenced the formation of American political culture. In the life of the early people, the masters of the Qing Dynasty slaughtered all the fields of life of the people. Religious life and secular life were inseparable. Puritanism had overall control over the family, education, public life, and other ways of political socialization. After the rise of rationalism, the political subject held high the banner of natural rights and contract theory, but its thinking mode was still puritanical, and the influence of Puritanism had not disappeared. It's just going from full direct influence to indirect penetration. In order to show the relationship between Puritanism and American political and cultural concepts more clearly, the second part of the article selects the doctrine of Puritanism, which has a great influence in the doctrine of God and contract, and deeply analyzes the concept of labor and property evolved from Puritanism. Views of freedom, separation of state and religion, separation of political power, individual, republic and opposition to tyrants, people's sovereignty, etc., are expressed in religious terms and logic. However, its content is no different from the political and cultural concepts of the founding of the United States. Born in the Puritan society, its values and ideas naturally take the Puritan values and ideas as the matrix. Ideas fade the sacred aura of religion and wear new worldly clothes, but its core content and elements remain intact. Religious rituals and organizations, based on the name of the divine, often give participants a more direct impact on the mind and ideas, leaving a deep impression. Although the Puritans are sectarian, the principles of axiology have been widely accepted by the New England Church. The Puritans practiced the principle of universal equality and self-governance within the church, and federalism among churches. As one of the earliest forms of organization in the wilderness of North America, the successful operation of the Puritan Organization nurtured the believers' consciousness of subject and participation, and also provided equality, democracy and autonomy for the establishment and operation of American political organizations. Regionalism and other basic spirits and ways of realization. Although Protestantism is not the only factor and motive force for the formation of American political culture, it is undeniable that Protestantism has built a Puritan society in North America with systematic religious teachings and autonomous religious organizations. It provides the basic contents of value, ethics support and thinking mode for the formation of American political culture, and is the key factor that influences the formation of American political culture.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D771.2

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