地理信息系统支持下的鲁东南沿海地区史前至汉代聚落考古研究

发布时间：2018-04-24 22:39

本文选题：聚落考古 + 鲁东南沿海地区　；参考：《山东大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：本文在地理信息系统的支持下对鲁东南沿海地区史前至汉代聚落考古进行研究。研究以不同时期聚落选址为切入点,首先对不同时期聚落选址与各种环境因素的关系变化进行一般性讨论,以考察古代环境对聚落选址的影响以及人类的适应。在上述讨论的基础上利用地理信息系统成本分析和最优路径分析的原理和方法,通过对史前至汉代不同时期聚落选址对区域内重要通道利用状况的考察,来探讨可能影响聚落选址的自然和社会因素,并利用这一研究方法对区域内重要资源的获取和流通方式进行了初步探讨。最后以龙山时期研究区域北部区域中心由丹土转移到两城镇为例进行个案研究,结合相关学者对复杂社会发展的动力问题的讨论,对推动这一转变的可能原因进行了推测。在对环境因素进行考察的同时,本文对不同时期聚落形态特别是高等级聚落的微观布局变化进行了梳理,以考察古代社会发展在聚落内部空间布局上的变化。聚落与环境考古研究在国内方兴未艾。自上个世纪九十年代中后期开始,区域性的聚落考古研究在国内开始发展起来,一些学者把区域系统调查与有选择的重点遗址发掘相结合,来考察广阔空间范围内长时段的聚落形态变迁和社会发展,围绕着学术界所关注的一系列重大问题,如社会复杂化发展、早期文明与国家的起源与形成等等,进行了一系列尝试,取得了令人瞩目的研究成果。空间分析是进行聚落考古研究的重要方法,在上个世纪八十年代的演讲中,张光直将空间分析与文化生态学和系统理论视作聚落形态研究三个同时并进的重要焦点。对环境因素的重视是近二十年来国内考古学研究发展的趋势之一,通过对聚落发展与地形地貌、水文、土壤、降水等自然因素之间的关系进行考察,来对古代社会发展及其生存环境进行探讨成为一些研究人员探讨相关问题的重要途径。在与自然环境因素结合上,地理信息系统有着得天独厚的优势和广阔的发展空间。本文除导论部分为共分为四章。导论部分对鲁东南沿海地区史前至汉代聚落考古这一研究的选题缘由、地理信息系统支持的考古研究研究现状和发展趋势、本文的研究方法等进行了介绍。第一章对研究区域内的自然地理环境和全新世以来的地理环境变迁研究进行了介绍和总结。自然环境及其变迁是进行古代社会研究的首要基础问题。本章、首先对研究区域内的地理位置和自然地理状况进行了介绍,在此基础上对鲁东南沿海地区全新世以来的古地理环境与海岸线变迁研究进行了梳理,最后对近年来研究区域内有关的古环境研究与重建工作进行了总结。第二章对区域内史前至汉代的聚落形态变迁与聚落选址进行讨论。由于调查报告已对宏观层面的聚落形态变迁进行了详细阐释,本章内容主要是对微观聚落形态以及不同时期聚落选址与环境因素关系的讨论。本章主要内容包括两部分,第一部分对研究方法与数据来源进行了介绍。本章的分析以叠加分析为主,采用的数据主要是系统调查数据和各类地图及数字高程数据等。第二部分按照时间的顺序从两个方面对史前至汉代时期聚落形态变迁与聚落选址进行了讨论：一、史前至汉代聚落内部布局的变化：二、不同时期聚落选址与环境因素的关系。在对不同时期的聚落特别是高等级聚落内部布局进行分析时,根据研究区域内的调查和发掘工作现状,在分析的时候吸收和借鉴了临近区域的资料。在对不同时期聚落选址与环境因素的关系进行讨论时,以土壤类型、地貌类型、岩石缓冲区和海岸线缓冲区为主,对史前至汉代不同时期遗址在各种环境因素的分布状况进行了统计,并进行了初步分析. 第三章利用地理信息系统的成本分析基本原理对区域内的聚落选址、资源获取与流通等问题进行了探讨.这一章首先介绍了最优路径分析的基本原理、操作方法,并在文后对考古学研究中成本因素的确定等问题进行了讨论。在分析的过程中首先利用相关数据生成了本区域内的最佳通道,并将其与不同时期的聚落分布状况进行比较,从不同时期居民对通道的利用状况来看可能影响聚落选址的自然和社会因素。在此基础上利用最优路径分析的方法对研究区域内蛇纹岩、玄武岩、白陶等的获取与流通进行了初步讨论。最后把近现代的交通路线与龙山时代的重要通道进行比较。第四章在前三章分析的基础上以龙山时期研究区域北部的区域中心由丹土转移到两城镇的原因进行了探讨。本章首先对丹土与两城镇历年来的考古研究与发现进行了梳理,并对丹土遗址的聚落选址状况进行了考察和推测。然后结合相关学者对复杂社会发展动力问题的讨论,利用地理信息系统工具从以下三个方面讨论了可能影响区域中心转移的原因：交通因素、农业生产的适宜性与可耕地比较、稻作农业的影响等。论文最后为结语部分,对本文主要论点进行简要总结,并指出本文创新之处及今后努力的方向。本文系利用地理信息系统来进行聚落考古的研究,创新之处主要表现在以下4个方面： 1.在研究方法上,借鉴国内外研究成果将地理信息系统工具应用于鲁东南沿海地区聚落考古的探讨。地理信息系统支持的考古学研究在欧美地区已经发展较成熟,国内也有不少学者开展了一系列尝试,取得了重要成果。本文在利用地理信息系统工具进行分析时,根据研究区域内的地理地貌特点和研究现状,在参数设置、分析方法和分析角度上进行了创新。如根据研究区域依山面海的特点,本文将海岸线缓冲区作为一个重要指标来考察不同时期聚落选址所体现出的对海洋资源的利用问题；在对聚落选址和环境因素之间的关系进行探讨的基础上,本文又将地理信息系统成本分析的方法引入,利用最优路径的讨论探讨不同时期聚落选址对区域内重要通道的利用以及影响不同时期选址的自然和社会因素：最后以个案研究的方式,利用地理信息系统的支持,从技术经济的角度对对丹土到两城镇区域中心转移的可能原因进行了探讨。 2.将成本分析的方法引入聚落选址与资源获取与流通等问题的研究,这在国内考古学研究中尚属首次。本文通过对聚落分布与环境因素关系的统计,并结合史前至汉代不同时期聚落选址对研究区域内重要通道的利用状况,分析探讨了影响聚落选址的自然环境因素和社会因素,并对不同时期聚落选址表现出的资源开发利用和流通进行了分析。 3.在研究结论上,本文认为复杂社会发展过程中的人口增长与自然资源短缺造成的不均衡压力是造成龙山时代研究区域内北部中心由丹土转移到两城镇的主要原因,稻作农业的发展在这个过程中中起到了重要的作用。其它因素虽然起到一定作用,但不是主要原因。 4.本文认为研究区域内史前至汉代不同时期的聚落选址与自然地理环境因素和社会发展有着密切的关系,在不同的时期聚落布局和农业生产发展等方面表现出不同的选址倾向。通过对史前至汉代聚落内部格局变化的讨论,认为龙山文化两城镇内部布局已经由大汶口晚期的功能分区发展到更为复杂的社会关系分区,这是当时社会复杂化程度提高的重要表现之一。
[Abstract]:Under the support of geographic information system, this paper studies the archaeology of the prehistoric and Han Dynasties in the coastal areas of the southeast of Shandong Province. The study takes the location of the settlement as a breakthrough point in different periods. First, the general discussion is made on the relationship between the location of the settlement and the various environmental factors in different periods, in order to investigate the influence of the ancient environment on the location of the settlement and the human being. On the basis of the above discussion, based on the principle and method of the geographical information system cost analysis and the optimal path analysis, the natural and social factors that may affect the location of the settlement are explored through the investigation of the utilization of the important channels in the region from the prehistoric to the Han Dynasties. In the end, a case study on the transfer of the northern regional center from Dantu to two cities and towns in the northern region of the Longshan period was carried out, and the possible reasons for promoting the transformation were conjectured on the basis of the discussion on the dynamic problems of the development of complex society. In order to investigate the changes in the spatial distribution of the ancient social development in the settlement, the changes in the microcosmic layout of the settlement patterns, especially the high grade settlements in different periods, were reviewed.
The study of settlement and environmental archaeology is in the ascendant in China. Since the mid and late 90s of last century, regional settlement archaeological research has been developed in China. Some scholars combine regional system investigation and selected key site excavation to investigate the long period settlement changes and social development in the wide space. Around a series of important issues, such as the development of social complexity, the early civilization and the origin and formation of the state, the exhibition has made a series of attempts and achieved remarkable achievements. Space analysis is an important method for the study of settlement archaeology. In the speech of the 80s of last century, Zhang Guangzhi will be empty. The inter analysis and cultural ecology and system theory are regarded as the three important focal points in the study of settlement form. The emphasis on environmental factors is one of the trends in the research and development of domestic Archaeology in the last twenty years. Through the investigation of the relationship between the development of the settlement and the natural factors such as topography, hydrology, soil, precipitation and so on, to the ancient times The exploration of social development and its living environment has become an important way for some researchers to discuss the related problems. In combination with natural environmental factors, the geographic information system has a unique advantage and a broad development space.
In this paper, the introduction part is divided into four chapters. The introduction part introduces the origin of the topic of the topic of the study of the archaeological study in the coastal areas of the southeast of Shandong Province, the research status and development trend of the archaeological research supported by GIS, and the research methods of this paper.
The first chapter introduces and summarizes the study of the natural geographical environment in the region and the changes in the geographical environment since the Holocene. The natural environment and its changes are the primary basic problems in the study of ancient society.
Firstly, the geographical location and the physical and geographical conditions in the study area are introduced. On the basis of this, the paleogeographic environment and the change of the coastline in the Holocene of Lu Dongnan coastal areas have been combed. Finally, the research and reconstruction of the relevant Paleoenvironment in the region have been summarized in the last few years.
The second chapter discusses the change of the settlement form and the location of the settlement in the region from the prehistoric to the Han Dynasty. The main content of this chapter is two parts. The main content of this chapter is the discussion of the morphology of the micro settlement and the relationship between the location of the settlement and the environmental factors in different periods. The first part introduces the research methods and data sources. The analysis of this chapter is mainly based on the superposition analysis, and the main data are the system survey data and various maps and digital elevation data. The second part discusses the change of the form of settlement and the location of the settlement from the prehistoric to the Han Dynasty in two aspects according to the order of time. First, the changes in the internal layout of the settlement from the prehistoric to the Han Dynasty: two, the relationship between the location of the settlement and the environmental factors at different periods. In the analysis of the internal layout of the settlement, especially the high grade settlement in different periods, the data in the adjacent area are absorbed and drawn from the investigation and excavation of the area in the study area. In the discussion of the relationship between the location of the settlement and the environmental factors at different periods, the soil type, the geomorphic type, the rock buffer zone and the coastline buffer zone were mainly discussed, and the distribution of various environmental factors in the different periods from the prehistoric to the Han Dynasty was statistically analyzed and the preliminary analysis was carried out.
The third chapter makes use of the basic principle of the cost analysis of geographic information system to discuss the problem of settlement location, resource acquisition and circulation in the region. This chapter first introduces the basic principles and operation methods of optimal path analysis, and discusses the problems of the determination of the cost factors in the study of Archaeology in the post text. In the process, the best channel in this area is generated by using the relevant data, and it is compared with the distribution of the settlement in different periods, and the natural and social factors that may affect the location of the settlement may be influenced from the utilization of the channels at different times. On this basis, the best path analysis method is used to study the snake pattern in the area. The acquisition and circulation of rocks, basalt and white pottery were discussed preliminarily. Finally, the modern traffic routes were compared with the important passages in the Longshan era.
The fourth chapter, based on the analysis of the first three chapters, discusses the reasons for the transfer of the regional center of the north of the region from Dantu to the two towns in the Longshan period. This chapter first combed the archaeological research and discovery of Dantu and two towns in the past years, and studied and conjectured the location of the settlement of the site of Dantu site. The relevant scholars discussed the dynamic problem of the complex society and discussed the reasons that may affect the regional center transfer from the following three aspects: the traffic factors, the suitability of agricultural production and the comparison of cultivated land, and the influence of rice farming.
At the end of this paper, the main points of this paper are summarized briefly, and the innovation of this paper and the direction of future efforts are pointed out. This paper uses GIS to study the settlement archaeology. The innovation is mainly shown in the following 4 aspects:
1. in the research method, the geographic information system tools are applied to the settlement archaeology in the coastal areas of southeast Shandong. The archaeological research supported by geographic information system has developed more mature in Europe and America, and many scholars in China have carried out a series of tests and achieved important results. This paper uses geography in this paper. In the analysis of information system tools, based on the characteristics of geography and geomorphology and research status in the study area, we have made innovations in the parameters setting, analysis methods and analysis angles. For example, according to the characteristics of the study area, the coastline buffer area is used as an important index to investigate the location of the settlement of the settlement at different periods. On the basis of the discussion of the relationship between the location of the settlement and the relationship between the environmental factors, this paper also introduces the method of the cost analysis of the geographic information system, and discusses the utilization of the important channels in the region at different periods and the nature and society affecting the location of the different periods by the discussion of the optimal path. Factors: in the end, the possible reasons for the transfer of Dantu to the two cities and towns in the two towns are discussed in the way of case study and the support of geographic information system.
2. the method of cost analysis is introduced into the research of settlement location and resource acquisition and circulation. This is the first time in the study of domestic archaeology. This paper analyses the relationship between the settlement and the environmental factors, and analyzes the utilization of the important channels in the study area with the location of the settlement in different periods from prehistoric to Han Dynasties. The natural environment and social factors that affect the location of settlements are analyzed, and the development, utilization and circulation of resources in different periods of settlement location are analyzed.
3. in the conclusion of the study, this paper holds that the unbalanced pressure caused by the population growth and the shortage of natural resources in the development of complex society is the main cause of the transfer of the northern center from Dantu to the two towns in the study area of the Longshan era. The development of rice farming has played an important role in this process. To a certain effect, but not the main reason.
4. this paper holds that there is a close relationship between the location of the settlement in different periods from the prehistoric to the Han Dynasty in the study area and the natural geographical and environmental factors and the social development. In different periods, the layout of the settlement and the development of agricultural production have shown different location orientation. Through the discussion of the changes in the internal pattern of the settlement in the prehistoric to the Han Dynasty, Long Shanwen thinks that The internal layout of the two cities and towns has been developed from the functional zoning of the late Da Wen's mouth to a more complex division of social relations, which is one of the important manifestations of the increase in the degree of social complexity at that time.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K872

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