应用于岩土质文物保护加固的两种传统材料的改性研究

发布时间：2018-05-22 08:08

本文选题：文物保护 + 遗址　；参考：《兰州大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：文物保护是指为保存文物古迹实物遗存及其历史环境进行的全部活动。其目的是真实、全面地保存并延续其历史信息及全部价值；其任务是通过技术和管理的措施,修缮因自然和人为造成的损伤,制止新的破坏。岩土质文物的保护是我国现阶段文化遗产保护中最重要的研究领域之一。在我国,岩土质文物分布广泛,种类丰富,如不可移动文物中的石窟寺、摩崖造像、岩画、古壁画等；长城、烽燧、关隘、古城等土建筑遗址等；石雕、砖及陶等可移动文物。我国遗存有大量的岩土质文物,作为极其脆弱的一类文物实体,承载着大量珍贵的历史信息,蕴藏着我国历代政治、经济、艺术、建筑、科技诸方面极为重要的形象资料,是我国古代文明的实物标本,是民族文化传承的物质载体,具有民族团结和文化认同的感召力和凝聚力,也是我国优质国有资产和当代极其珍贵的文化旅游资源。岩土质文物近年来成为文物保护工作者重点关注的对象之一,保护需求也日益强烈,而保护工作成败的关键在于所用保护材料和工艺是否得当,因此保护材料与工艺的研发一直是文物保护工作者攻关的技术难点。本论文在详细分析我国岩土质文物保护现状和存在问题的基础上,针对我国岩土质文物病害特点和成因,通过对传统建筑材料的科学认知后,改性了两种适宜赋存于不同环境、不同类型岩土质文物的修复加固材料。初步研究证明,这两种改性材料使用工艺方法简便、安全,对环境无污染,并且耐老化性能好。本研究的主要结论及创新点如下： (1)甘肃秦安大地湾仰韶时期房屋遗址地面建造材料的科学认知。在李最雄先生研究的基础上,对20世纪70年代末在中国甘肃秦安大地湾发现的两座仰韶时期规模最大、建造工艺最精细的F-901和F-405人类居住房屋遗址地面材料及当地黄土中的钙结核、料礓石,采用扫描电子显微镜、偏光显微镜、X-射线衍射仪等分析仪器进行了分析研究,发现这两处地面是由烧黄土中沉积的钙结核轻骨料做集料,烧料礓石掺加适量红粘土做胶凝材料建造的,近似于现代的轻混凝土。同时,采用C-14测年的方法测定房屋建造的年代,用热膨胀仪分析测定了遗址中出土陶片的烧陶温度(注：考古发现证明烧钙结核、烧料礓石及烧陶在同一个窑中)。在此基础上通过对烧料礓石和烧钙结核水化特性的分析研究及房址地面制作工艺的模拟对比实验,发现F-901和F-405地面中的烧钙结核和烧料礓石已具有气硬和水硬双重特性,可称为人类历史上最早的混凝土。论文也对西藏千百年来用于建造寺院地面和屋面的阿嘎土进行了研究。阿嘎土似于料礓石,但西藏用阿嘎土建造屋面和地面时,只将阿嘎土破碎成不同粒级,掺加适量天然树胶调配使用,未对阿嘎土做焙烧处理。因阿嘎土不经焙烧既不具有气硬性也不具有水硬性,所以做建筑材料强度很低,老化快,非常容易损坏。因此,通过对料礓石和阿嘎土及欧洲水硬石灰的对比研究,为料礓石和阿嘎土的改性研究提供了新思路。 (2)料礓石和阿嘎土的改性研究。在对大地湾仰韶房屋遗址地面材料研究的基础上,通过对中国古代建筑中使用的两种硅酸盐材料料礓石和阿嘎土的对比分析,发现料礓石和阿嘎土具有相似的化学组成和物理性质。料礓石和阿嘎土经70℃～1400℃焙烧改性后,具有“气硬”和“水硬”双重特性,并且随着温度的升高,气硬组分呈现先增加后降低,水硬组分呈不断增加的规律性变化。改性后的料礓石和阿嘎土的化学组成、矿物成分、化学特性及物理力学特性类似于欧洲的“水硬石灰”,并且通过调控配比的方法控制修复结石体的强度,适用于不同类型石质、土质及砖、陶质等文物的修复加固。料礓石和阿嘎土的改性成功,是目前我国文物保护界所倡导的改性中国传统材料用于文物保护加固成功的一个范例。 (3)改性料礓石和改性阿嘎土的物理力学特性研究。“水硬性石灰"NHL2(Natural Hydraulic Lime2)和NHL5(Natural Hydraulic Lime5)是欧美从20世纪70年代之后广泛应用于历史建筑物修缮的材料。在对中国两种传统硅酸盐建筑材料研究的基础之上,对改性料礓石和阿嘎土的物理力学性能及环境因素影响性与欧洲的两种水硬性石灰进行对比分析研究,发现经过1000℃、3小时焙烧改性后的料礓石和阿嘎土与欧洲水硬石灰具有相似的特性。经改性后的料礓石和阿嘎土具有收缩变形性小、孔隙率大、透水性及透气性良好的基本性质,以及强的抗冻融、水稳定性、耐温湿度循环变化影响及碱性介质侵蚀的性能,而且改性料礓石和阿嘎土的结石体具有强度可控的特点。对烧料礓石和烧阿嘎土化学特性及物理力学特性的研究,为无机材料用于岩土质文物保护研究奠定了一定的理论基础。 (4)改性料礓石和改性阿嘎土加固岩土质文物的应用研究。将改性后的料礓石和阿嘎土应用于内蒙古元上都遗址、南京报恩寺地宫遗址及高句丽壁画墓的保护加固中。经加固实验研究,在遗址土中添加适量的改性料礓石或阿嘎土,能明显改善遗址土的物理力学性能,提高遗址本体耐环境侵蚀的能力,不同配比的改性材料对高句丽壁画墓地仗也起到了有效的加固效果。改性料礓石和改性阿嘎土是一种适宜赋存于不同环境、不同类型岩土质文物的修复加固材料,这在岩土质文物保护加固材料筛选研究方面是一个新的突破。
[Abstract]:The protection of cultural relics means all activities for the preservation of the physical relics of cultural relics and their historical environment. The purpose is to preserve and continue their historical information and all values in an all-round way. The task is to repair the damage caused by nature and human beings through the measures of technology and management and to prevent new damage. The protection of the cultural relics of rock and earth is mine. One of the most important research fields of cultural heritage protection at the present stage in China. In China, the rock and soil cultural relics are widely distributed and rich in variety, such as the Grottoes in the immovable cultural relics, cliff sculptures, rock paintings, ancient murals, and so on; the Great Wall, beacon, pass, ancient city and other soil building sites; stone sculptures, bricks and pottery and other removable cultural relics. As an extremely fragile kind of cultural relics, rock and soil cultural relics bear a lot of precious historical information, and contain very important image data in all dynasties of political, economic, art, architecture and science and technology. It is the physical specimen of ancient civilization of our country, the material carrier of the heritage of national culture, and a sense of national unity and cultural identity. Calling strength and cohesive force are also high quality state-owned assets and extremely precious cultural tourism resources in China.
In recent years, the rock and soil cultural relics have become one of the most important objects of concern for the protection workers of cultural relics, and the protection demand is increasingly strong, and the key to the success of the protection of the work is whether the protection materials and technology are used properly. Therefore, the research and development of the protection materials and technology has been the technical difficulty for the protection workers of the cultural relics. On the basis of the current situation and existing problems of the protection of the national rock and soil cultural relics, in view of the characteristics and causes of the diseases of the rock and earth relics in China, after the scientific cognition of the traditional building materials, two kinds of restoration and reinforcement materials which are suitable to exist in different environments and different types of rock and soil cultural relics have been modified. The preliminary research has proved that the use of the two kinds of modified materials has been proved. The method is simple, safe, no pollution to the environment, and has good aging resistance.
The main conclusions and innovations of this study are as follows:
(1) the scientific cognition of the ground building materials of the building sites in the Yangshao period, Qinan, Gansu. On the basis of Mr. Li Zuixiong's study, the two largest and most elaborate F-901 and F-405 human dwelling site sites and the local loess were found at the end of 1970s in the Qinan Dadi Bay of Qinan, China. The analytical instruments, such as scanning electron microscope, polarizing microscope and X- ray diffractometer, are analyzed and studied by scanning electron microscope, polarizing microscope and X- ray diffractometer. It is found that the ground is made of calcium nodule light aggregate deposited in the burnt loess, and the burnt stone is built with a proper amount of red clay as a cementitious material, which is similar to the modern light concrete. The age of the building was measured by C-14 dating method. The pottery temperature of the unearthed pottery in the site was analyzed by the thermal expansion instrument. It is found that the calcium - burning nodules in the F-901 and the F-405 ground have the dual characteristics of hard gas and water hard, which can be called the earliest concrete in human history.
The paper also studies AGA soil, which has been used for building the ground and roofs of monasteries for thousands of years in Tibet. AGA soil seems to be a material. But when Tibet used AGA soil to build roofs and ground, only the Aga soil was broken into different grain levels, and a proper amount of natural gum was mixed, and alga soil was not roasted. The strength of the material is not hard, so the strength of the building material is very low, the aging is fast, and it is very easy to damage. Therefore, a new idea is provided for the study of the modification of the material and the Aga soil through the comparison of the material and the Aga soil and the European water hard lime.
(2) on the basis of the study of the ground materials of the site of the Yangshao building in the Dagan Bay, through the comparison and analysis of the two kinds of silicate materials used in the ancient Chinese buildings, it is found that the material and AGA soil have similar chemical composition and physical properties. 70 After calcination at C ~ 1400 C, it has the dual characteristics of "gas hard" and "water hard", and with the increase of temperature, the gas hard component is first increased and then decreased, and the water hard component is constantly increasing. The chemical composition, mineral formation, chemical and physical properties of the modified material are similar to that of Europe. "Water hard lime", and control the strength of the stone body by controlling the ratio, is suitable for the restoration and reinforcement of different types of stone, soil, brick, pottery and other cultural relics. Example.
(3) study on the physical and mechanical properties of modified material and modified AGA soil. "Water hard lime" NHL2 (Natural Hydraulic Lime2) and NHL5 (Natural Hydraulic Lime5) are widely used in the renovation of historical buildings since 1970s in Europe and America. On the basis of the study of two traditional silicate building materials in China, the changes are made. The physical and mechanical properties and environmental factors affecting two kinds of water hard lime in Europe were compared and analyzed in Europe. It was found that after 1000, 3 hours of calcination was similar to the European water hard lime. The basic properties of large porosity, good permeability and permeability, as well as strong resistance to freezing and thawing, water stability, temperature and humidity cycle changes and alkaline medium erosion properties, and the strength controllable characteristics of the stone and AGA clay of the modified material. It has laid a theoretical foundation for the research of inorganic materials used in the protection of rock and soil relics.
(4) the application of the modified material and the modified AGA soil to reinforce the rock and soil cultural relics. The modified material and AGA soil should be used in the protection and reinforcement of the Inner Mongolia yuan Du Du site, the Palace of the Earth site and the Guli murals in Nanjing. The physical and mechanical properties of the site are improved, and the ability of the site to resist environmental erosion is improved. The modified materials with different proportions also have effective reinforcement effect on the gagoni murals cemetery. The modified material and modified AGA soil are a kind of restoration and reinforcement material suitable for different environments and different types of rock and soil cultural relics, which is in rock and soil It is a new breakthrough in screening and studying materials for protection and reinforcement of cultural relics.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：TB30;K87

【参考文献】