萨特自由观及其马克思主义批判研究

发布时间：2018-03-03 07:54

本文选题：萨特自由观　切入点：马克思主义　出处：《吉林大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：包括马克思主义者在内的几乎所有思想家都一致认为,自由是人类的天性,在近代启蒙运动中,卢梭认为,“自由只有因为自由才能够被限制”。自由能否被限制,如何被限制,是困扰人们的一个悖论性的问题。让—保罗·萨特(Jean—Paul Sartre,1905—1980)作为现代西方马克思主义哲学著名的代表人物,正是在回答这个问题时产生了自己的自由思想。萨特的哲学主张以高扬人的绝对自由而著称,对萨特庞大思想体系的研究具有多向性的角度和多样化的方法,本文以萨特存在本体论哲学和自由主体伦理学为基点,以对个人绝对自由的探讨为主线,力求准确的把握萨特自由主体伦理思想的基本内涵,其内容主要包括以下几个方面:首先,“自由”和“主体”是萨特思想中两个紧密联系、不可分离的核心范畴,主体的个人自由是其研究的中心主题,只有从这个基本点出发,才能真正把握萨特存在主义伦理思想的关键。其次,萨特把自由置于人的存在的基本结构之中,其根本的宗旨是要坚持人面对世界的在场,同时肯定意识的至上地位。客观世界是人们共同生活其中的物质环境,主体自由的实现不可避免的遇到了“他人”,面对被他人对象化的威胁,只有协调好两个平等的存在主体,才能真正实现个人的绝对自由。最后,萨特把他人看作个人绝对自由的限制,但却在表面承认社会发展的必然性对人的制约,人是社会的,社会也是人的,作为主体的人通过彼此共同生活组成了社会关系,人们从松散的群集状态走向制度集团,在社会成员的共同活动中不断践行着个体的自由。萨特是“被人们引述得最多而又被人们了解得最少的人”,虽然他的许多主张和看法带有片面性,现实世界没有一个权力社会与他所追求的自由理想相适应,但对于一个已经成为历史而又有着现实影响的人物,我们可以站在马克思主义的立场上,对其思想进行批判和扬弃,以正确地认识当今的世界,把握时代的脉搏,明确面临的历史使命。
[Abstract]:Almost all thinkers, including Marxists, agreed that freedom was human nature. In the modern Enlightenment, Rousseau believed that "freedom can only be restricted because of freedom". Jean-Paul Sartren, Jean-Paul Sartren, a famous representative of modern Western Marxist philosophy, It is in answering this question that one produces one's own free thought. Sartre's philosophy is famous for his exaltation of man's absolute freedom, and the study of Sartre's vast ideological system has a multi-directional perspective and a variety of methods. Based on Sartre's ontological philosophy of existence and ethics of free subject, and the discussion of individual absolute freedom, this paper tries to grasp accurately the basic connotation of Sartre's ethical thought of free subject. Its contents mainly include the following several aspects: first, "freedom" and "subject" are two core categories in Sartre's thought which are closely connected and inseparable. The individual freedom of subject is the central theme of his research, only from this basic point. Secondly, Sartre puts freedom in the basic structure of human existence, whose fundamental purpose is to insist on the presence of man in the face of the world. The objective world is the material environment in which people live together. The realization of subject freedom inevitably meets "others", facing the threat of objectification by others, only two equal subjects can be coordinated well. Finally, Sartre regards others as the limits of individual absolute freedom, but on the surface admits that the inevitability of social development restricts people, that man is social and that society is human. People as subjects form social relations by living together with each other, and people move from loose clusters to institutional groups. Individual freedom is constantly practised in the common activities of the members of society. Sartre is "the most quoted and least known", although many of his ideas and views are one-sided. There is not a power society in the real world suitable for the ideal of freedom he pursues, but for a figure who has become a history and has a realistic influence, we can criticize and discard his thoughts from the standpoint of Marxism. In order to correctly understand the world, grasp the pulse of the times, clear the historical mission.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B565.53;A81

【相似文献】