马克思早中期主体性思想的发展研究

发布时间：2019-04-13 18:32

【摘要】：主体性问题是西方哲学论域中的重要问题。随着中国社会的现代转型和市场经济的建立，主体性问题也成为当代中国的重要学术问题和人的发展的现实课题，因而也需要我们来认真对待和研究。我国改革开放的深入发展和社会主义市场经济的普遍建立，在人的现代化生成与培育过程中，“主体性”所表现出来的问题越来越突出。为贯彻和落实科学发展观所倡导的以人为本、科学发展和和谐发展的伟大目标，需要我们对主体性问题进行深入系统的学理性研究。在马克思的经典文献中，马克思的主体性思想和理论有一个逐渐建构过程，，也是一个不断地自我批判和自我否定的过程，一个从不成熟到成熟、从不科学到科学的过程。在这一过程中，马克思从不同的思想视角和理论进路论证了他的主体性哲学。在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中，马克思初步分析了异化劳动的产生与资本私有制之间存在的内在关系，从哲学上论证了消除异化劳动，扬弃资本财产关系，从而实现人的自由全面发展的历史必然性；在《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》中，通过批判费尔巴哈人的本质的宗教学解释方法，科学揭示了人的社会本质，确立了人的主体性的实践本质；在《德意志意识形态》中，马克思站在世界历史、普遍交往的“人的生存与发展”高度，批判了唯心主义和形而上学的人学理论和立场，用“生产方式”的新方法论揭示了通过共产主义实践扬弃“私有财产关系”；在《共产党宣言中》，进一步提出了消灭资本主义私有财产关系，通过扬弃资本建立起来的现代工业和世界性市场，建立“自由人的联合体”,实现人的自由全面发展。这标志着马克思主体性思想和理论的科学确立。论文除前言和结语外，共有四章：第一章，马克思主体性思想产生的文化渊源，主要梳理和概括西方古代文化（古希腊和古希伯来文化）中的自由思想、近代唯理论与经验论哲学的主体性思想、德国古典哲学的主体性思想，探究西方文化和哲学对马克思主体性思想的影响；第二章，着重论述马克思早期主体性思想的产生与演进，主要包括马克思的《博士论文》、《论犹太人问题》、《黑格尔法哲学批判》、《1844年经济学哲学手稿》等著作有关主体性问题的思想，探讨马克思早期主体性思想逐渐形成的历程；第三章，重点研究了马克思主体性思想和理论的成熟，主要有《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》、《德意志意识形态》、《共产党宣言》等著作的主体性思想；第四章，分析概括了马克思主体性思想和理论的重要特点及对西方哲学主体性思想的超越，阐述了马克思主体性思想和理论对当代社会的启示。
[Abstract]:Subjectivity is an important issue in the field of western philosophy. With the modern transformation of Chinese society and the establishment of market economy, subjectivity has become an important academic issue and a realistic subject of human development in contemporary China, so we need to take it seriously and study it. With the deepening development of China's reform and opening-up and the universal establishment of socialist market economy, the problem of "subjectivity" has become more and more prominent in the process of human modernization generation and cultivation. In order to carry out and implement the great goal of "people-oriented, scientific development and harmonious development" advocated by the scientific development view, it is necessary for us to study the subjectivity deeply and systematically. In Marx's classic literature, Marx's subjective thought and theory have a gradual construction process, but also a continuous process of self-criticism and self-denial, a process from immature to mature, never scientific to scientific process. In this process, Marx demonstrated his subjective philosophy from different perspectives and theoretical approaches. In the manuscript of Economics and philosophy in 1844, Marx preliminarily analyzed the internal relationship between the emergence of alien labor and the private ownership of capital, and demonstrated in philosophy the elimination of alienated labor and the abandonment of the relationship between capital and property. In order to realize the historical inevitability of human's free and all-round development; In the outline of Feuerbach, by criticizing the religious interpretation method of Feuerbach's essence, the author scientifically reveals the social essence of human being and establishes the practical essence of human subjectivity. In German ideology, Marx stood at the height of "the survival and development of human beings" in the world history, and criticized the humanist theory and position of idealism and metaphysics. With the new methodology of "mode of production", it reveals that "private property relationship" has been sublated through communist practice. In the Manifesto of the Communist Party, it is further proposed to eliminate the relationship between private property of capitalism and to set up a "free man's union" by sublating the modern industry and world market established by capital, so as to realize the free and all-round development of human beings. This marks the scientific establishment of Marx's subjective thought and theory. In addition to the preface and conclusion, there are four chapters: chapter one, the cultural origin of Marx's subjective thought, mainly combs and generalizes the liberal thought in the western ancient culture (ancient Greek and ancient Hebrew culture). The subjectivity thought of modern theory and empiricism philosophy, the subjectivity thought of German classical philosophy, and the influence of western culture and philosophy on Marx's subjectivity thought; The second chapter focuses on the emergence and evolution of Marx's early thought of subjectivity, including Marx's Doctor's thesis, on the Jewish issue, and Hegel's critique of philosophy of Law. The thought of subjectivity in the manuscripts of Economics and philosophy in 1844 discusses the course of the formation of Marx's thought of subjectivity in the early stage. The third chapter focuses on the maturity of Marx's thought and theory of subjectivity, such as the outline of Feuerbach, the German ideology, the Manifesto of the Communist Party and so on. The fourth chapter analyzes and generalizes the important characteristics of Marx's subjectivity thought and theory and surmounts the subjectivity thought of western philosophy, and expounds the enlightenment of Marx's subjectivity thought and theory to contemporary society.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：A811

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