燃料换代历史与森林分布变迁——以近两千年长江上游为时空背景

发布时间：2018-03-24 09:26

本文选题：历史时期　切入点：长江上游　出处：《中国历史地理论丛》2007年02期

【摘要】：清代中叶以前长江上游在使用传统的生物质燃料时期燃料总体十分富足,唐宋元明时期个别煮盐业发达的地区出现了薪材匮乏的现象,但并不影响总体的生物质燃料的丰富充足状况。长江上游最早在汉代就开始发现火井,并在晋代利用天然气作为手工业燃料,但直到清代才逐渐在川东、川南部分地区盐业中广泛使用,而在生活中较多使用天然气等液化气是20世纪80年代以来的事。煤炭在中国也是早在汉代就开始,在长江上游的使用早在唐宋就出现,但很长时期内不论是在生产中或是在生活中都是煤炭与木材、木炭并用。近代以来,城市生活和生产煤炭使用范围扩大,但农村受多方面的制约,煤的使用程度并不十分普及,直到今天,农村生物质燃料仍为主体。由于人口压力、工业化过程中燃料换代不能实现,清中叶以来至20世纪80年代,是长江上游生物质燃料的危机时期,也是从生物质燃料向非生物质燃料转换的转折时期,其中20世纪60年代至80年代达到顶峰。近十多年来,由于液化气、煤炭、沼气、电力等非生物质燃料大量使用,燃料换代加速,加上城市化背景下农村实际生活人口减少、环境保护意识增强、烹熟可食用品增多,虽然生物质植物燃料在农村仍为主体燃料,但城市乡村的生物质燃料薪材采伐量大大减少,森林生态环境的压力减弱。
[Abstract]:Before the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were rich in fuel during the period of using traditional biomass fuel. During the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties, there was a shortage of fuelwood in the developed regions of the individual salt cooking industry. Fire wells were discovered in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River as early as in the Han Dynasty, and natural gas was used as a handicraft fuel in the Jin Dynasty, but it was not until the Qing Dynasty that the wells were gradually found in eastern Sichuan. Salt industry is widely used in some parts of southern Sichuan, and the use of liquefied gas such as natural gas in daily life has been more common since the 1980s. Coal has been used in China since the Han Dynasty, and in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the Tang and Song dynasties. However, for a long time, both in production and in daily life, coal and wood and charcoal were used together. Since modern times, the scope of urban life and coal production has expanded, but the use of coal in rural areas is restricted by many aspects, and the use of coal is not very popular. Up to now, the rural biomass fuel is still the main body. Because of the population pressure, the fuel replacement in the industrialization process can not be realized. From the middle of Qing Dynasty to the 1980s, it is the crisis period of biomass fuel in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. It is also a turning period from biomass fuel to non-biomass fuel, and reached its peak in the 1960s and 1980s. In the last decade or so, non-biomass fuels such as liquefied gas, coal, biogas, electricity, and other non-biomass fuels have been used in large quantities. The acceleration of fuel generation, coupled with the reduction of the actual rural population in the context of urbanization, the increased awareness of environmental protection and the increase of cooked edible products, although biomass and plant fuels are still the main fuel in rural areas, However, the cutting capacity of biomass fuelwood in urban and rural areas is greatly reduced, and the pressure of forest ecological environment is weakened.
【作者单位】：西南大学历史地理研究所三峡大学三峡研究中心
【基金】：国家自然科学基金委员会“中国西部环境和生态科学研究计划”重大项目——“历代制度和政策因素对西部环境的影响:途径、方式和力度”阶段性成果(90302002)
【分类号】：K928.6

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