论断代史《汉书》中的通史精神

发布时间：2018-04-18 01:26

本文选题：《汉书》 + 断代史　；参考：《北京师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2012年03期

【摘要】：《汉书》在体例上是断代史,而班固著书的自我期许却是横罗多重学术、纵贯古往今来,这似乎是矛盾的。其具体表现就是十二帝纪为断代史,而八表、十志则充满通史精神。八表分为三类:第一类按封爵分有六表,以《异姓诸侯王表》居首,其中的异姓诸侯王皆为项羽主持下所封,故起点早于汉之统一,已溢出断代范围。表序在内容上与《史记.秦楚之际月表序》颇相似,综述由封建而郡县的发展大势,可看作六表的总序。第二类为《百官公卿表》,其上篇为序,述古代官制通史;下篇则记汉代之官,行文中往往交待某官由前代某官演化而来,可看作通史背景下的断代史。第三类为《古今人表》,所列皆为汉以前人,完全出乎断代汉史之外,实有酌古鉴今之意。至于十志,则都是专门学术通史,其框架大体由损益《史记》八书而来,而以《律历志》居首更寄有深意。《律历志》的重心在历法,涉及天时与农功之关系,引而伸之,则涉及天道与人事之关系,实是司马迁"究天人之际"的修订新版;历法的推阐本来就为古今之流提供了时间坐标,加之把刘歆以三统历与"三统"、"五德"之说相参伍而推演出的《世经》也吸收进来,便直接提供了一套完整的通史体系,这又是司马迁"通古今之变"的修订新版!《律历志》在原则上为《汉书》十志起着总导论的作用。作为断代史的《汉书》为什么会有通史精神?一个王朝,有头有尾,而作为其存在载体的文明,则是绵延不断的。《汉书》要呈现的是西汉时期文明的有机构成,所以才有通史精神,政治史只是其划段标志而已。
[Abstract]:Han Shu is a dynastic history in style, but ban gu's self-expectation of writing books is a contradiction between the past and the present.Its concrete expression is that the twelve imperial period is the history of the dynasty, while the eight tables and the ten records are full of the spirit of general history.The eight tables are divided into three categories: the first type is divided into six tables according to the title, with "different surname of the kings of the throne" being the first, in which the different surnames of the kings were all sealed under the auspices of Xiang Yu, so the starting point was earlier than the unification of the Han Dynasty, which had spilt over the scope of the dynasties.The order is in content and the Historical Records.In Qin and Chu dynasties, the order of the moon is quite similar. The general trend of development from feudal to prefectures can be regarded as the total order of the six tables.The second kind is "Baiguan Gongqing Table", the first part is the preface, describing the general history of the ancient official system; the second part is the official of the Han Dynasty, and the writing often refers to the evolution of a certain official from the former official, which can be regarded as the history of the dynasty under the background of the general history.The third category is "ancient and modern people table", listed before the Han Dynasty, completely out of the history of Han Dynasty, there is a reference to the meaning of the ancient and present.As for the ten records, they are all specialized academic general history, and their framework is generally derived from the eight books of the Book of Records of gain and loss, and the most important part of the Book of Records is more profound. The focus of the Book of laws is on the calendar, which involves the relationship between the days and the agricultural work, and thus extends it.The relationship between the Tao of Heaven and personnel is in fact a revised version of Si Maqian's "study of Heaven and Man"; the introduction of the calendar provides a time coordinate for the ancient and modern stream.In addition, the "Book of the World", which was derived from Liu Xin's theory of "three unified calendars" and "three unification" and "five virtues", was also absorbed, thus directly providing a complete system of general history.This is the revised edition of Si Maqian's "the change of ancient and modern times". In principle, it is a general introduction to "Han Shu".Why is the Spirit of General History in Han Shu as the History of the Dynasty?The civilization, which is the carrier of its existence, is unceasing. What Han Dynasty should present is the organic composition of civilization in the Western Han Dynasty, so it has the spirit of general history, and the political history is just a mark of its division.
【作者单位】：北京师范大学历史学院;
【基金】：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地第三批重大项目“中西古代历史、史学与理论的比较研究”(2001ZDXM770004)
【分类号】：K092

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