《史通》之“前四史”批评

发布时间：2018-12-13 04:58

【摘要】：《史通》是我国史学史上第一部系统的史学理论著作,它的出现标志着我国古代史学批评摆脱了零散的评论,成为独立的学问,同时也确立了史学研究的新领域。本文以《史通》的史学批评为中心,以批评内容最多的《史记》、《汉书》、《后汉书》和《三国志》(“前四史”)为叙述对象,试图结合该时段与之密切相关的政治气候、社会思潮、学术风气和史家心理状况,努力回到当时的语境中,并依此探讨刘知几史学批评所涉及的诸如编纂方法和历史书写等问题,更清晰、更有目的性地解释刘知几的史学批评。“史法”是《史通》的最主要内容,也是刘知几史学批评的精髓。刘知几在史料处理上主张博闻善择;在纪传体史书的体例上,他坚持体统相符,合理编排,例不可破;在历史书写的问题上,刘氏遵循着文约事丰、直书实录、循名责实、因俗随时等几大原则。无论是对“前四史”中哪一部史书的赞赏或批评,均建立在这样的“史法”衡量体系上。其史学批评多客观中肯,但也不乏矛盾和拘泥之处。后世学者对《史通》中涉及到的对“前四史”的批评褒贬不一,颇具争议。但无疑对后世产生了巨大而深远的影响。刘知几明确了史家的责任和史之功用,促进了史学的发展;他的史学批评对历代的史官选拔、修史制度以及修史实践都有积极作用;而且进一步发扬了“通变”和“实录”的史学传统,启发了后世历代史家的史学思想和史学研究,并极大地推动了史学批评的系统化和专业化。《史通》是刘知几一生最重要的著作,是其治学精神和炽热之心的最好诠释,其闪光的史学批评思想,在中国的史学史、史学批评和史学理论发展史上有着极其重要的地位和杰出的贡献。
[Abstract]:Shi Tong is the first systematic historical theoretical work in the history of Chinese historiography. Its appearance indicates that the criticism of ancient historiography in our country got rid of the scattered comments and became an independent knowledge, and at the same time established a new field of historical research. This paper takes Shi Tong's historical criticism as the center, takes the most critical contents of Shi Ji, Han Shu, post-Han Shu and the first four History of the three Kingdoms as the narration objects, and tries to combine the political climate closely related to the historical criticism in this period. Social thoughts, academic ethos, and historians' psychological conditions, trying to return to the context of the time, and thus to explore the problems involved in Liu Zhiji's historical criticism, such as compilation methods and historical writing, were clearer. More purposefully explain Liu Zhiji's historical criticism. Shifa is the main content of Shi Tong and the quintessence of Liu Zhiji's criticism of historiography. Liu Zhiji insists on the selection of historical materials, and on the style of historical books, he insists on the conformity of style, reasonable arrangement and unbreakable. On the issue of historical writing, Liu follows several principles, such as abundant text, straight record, following the name and being honest, because of vulgarity at any time, and so on. No matter which one of the first four history books is praised or criticized, it is based on this system. His historical criticism is objective and pertinent, but there are also contradictions and constraints. Scholars of later generations have been controversial about the criticism of "the first four History" involved in Shi Tong. But there is no doubt that the future generation has a huge and far-reaching impact. Liu Zhiji made clear the responsibility and function of historians and promoted the development of historiography, and his criticism of historiography played a positive role in the selection of historians, the system of historical revision and the practice of historical revision. Moreover, it further developed the historical tradition of "Tongchang" and "Shi Lu", and inspired the historiography thought and research of later generations of historians. It has greatly promoted the systematization and specialization of historical criticism. Shi Tong is Liu Zhiji's most important work in his life, the best interpretation of his scholarship spirit and fervent heart, and his glittering thoughts of historiography criticism in the history of history in China. The history of historiography criticism and historiography theory has an extremely important position and outstanding contribution.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K092

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