清代辽西土地利用与生态环境变迁研究

发布时间：2018-01-29 23:43

本文关键词： 清代辽西土地利用生态环境变迁　出处：《吉林大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：辽西,南临渤海,北接内蒙古高原,西与河北省比邻,东以辽河为界,本文拟从空间上以此地区为重点研究对象,从时间上将清代划分为清前期(顺治元年至乾隆四十年,1644-1775)、清中期(乾隆四十一年至咸丰十一年,1776-1861)和清晚期(同治元年至宣统三年,1862-1911)三个时段,从清政府在不同时段对辽西采取的土地利用政策和采用的土地利用形式去分析辽西生态环境从复苏发展到变化直至恶化的历史过程,从中管窥土地利用适应生态环境的经验和吸取土地利用破环生态环境的教训,以填补东北区域环境史研究的空白。辽西承继着二十多年明末战争的蹂躏,战争给辽西地区生态环境造成了不同程度的破坏。天命七年(1622)的广宁战役,造成辽西民众离散、城堡残破,使广宁以西直至山海关出现瓯脱地带,变得荒芜。广宁战役后,明朝为收复失地,对宁远、锦州、松山、杏山、右屯卫、大凌河、小凌河等城郭进行修建或修葺,尽管明廷取得宁远战役的胜利,但战争不仅错置使用了这里的自然资源,而且也耗损了这里的自然资源。皇太极为撼动明廷在关外的防守,从天聪三年(1629)至崇德三年(1638),四次入关作战,借道蒙古草原绕路扰动京师,践踏蒙古草场,损伤草场植被。崇德五年(1640),松锦战役开始,连续三年的战争使这里变得更加荒凉。战争的频次使辽西生态环境所受的破坏亦被叠加,将这里的生态环境逼近到土地荒芜、城堡废弃的惨境。清前期,为改变辽西战后荒凉的景况和恢复这里的经济,清政府通过采取诸多措施以实现土地的利用,一是设立皇庄、拨放旗地、招民开垦来恢复废弃的农田;二是设立牧场、牧放牲畜来利用草甸;三是设立果园山场、栽培果树和猎获动物来利用山林;四是修建柳条边,划定蒙古游牧区,恢复和保护性地使用沿边蒙古草场。在辽西土地利用过程中,辽西牧场采取的夏季牧放和冬季圈养相结合的经营方式,有助于保护牧场的生态环境;修建的柳条边西段,有效地防止了蒙古族对农耕区的侵扰,阻止了民人开垦草场,客观上起到了保护辽西生态环境的作用;辽西果园山场的设立,走上了天然林保护和人工经济林栽培相结合之路来恢复利用山地。辽西土地利用是以政府为主导来进行的,清政府客观上遵从了土地覆被的不同,由不同的土地利用主体来利用,不同的土地利用主体决定了辽西土地利用形式的多样,这样,不仅保证了辽西生物的多样性而且满足了人们的多种需求,辽西土地经过如此的利用恢复了人与自然间的互动,带动了辽西生态环境的复苏。清中期,清廷对辽西土地利用政策的调整渐变了土地利用的形式,清政府对沿边蒙古草场土地利用主体的改变,使这里由半农半牧区变成农耕区,单一的农作物植被代替了这里多样的草场和森林植被,造成森林动物的减少,土地利用形式的转变改变了这里生态环境变化的方向。为移驻京旗,清廷决定试垦大凌河牧场和养息牧牧场,京旗虽未移驻,但牧场却被续垦并被流民私垦,清政府部分变更了牧场土地的使用方式,使整个牧场的生态环境发生了逆转。清政府对东北封禁政策的时驰时禁,影响了东北土地利用的形式,尤其是对流民进入辽西果园山场的私垦未能实施有力的控制,造成动物短缺。清政府在调整辽西土地利用形式、增加农田的同时,导致辽西森林动物减少和水灾频发,其根本原因是清廷对沿边蒙古草场土地利用调控的失调、对大凌河牧场和养息牧牧场土地利用决策的不当和对果园山场土地利用监管的不力所致。清晚期,清政府在国库空虚已无力给奉天拨付饷银,其他地方协拨奉天的饷银又屡屡拖欠,致使奉天饷银紧缺的情形下,为筹措饷银,清政府决定丈放养息牧牧场、大凌河牧场和盘蛇驿牧场。因大凌河牧场丈放后,皇庄无须担负大凌河牧场马匹冬季代养之责,清政府认为皇庄没有存在的必要,随之皇庄也被丈放。还对广宁的果园进行部分清丈。用收取的荒价银和租银缓解了奉天饷银的紧蹙。清政府骤然改变辽西土地利用的方式,增扩了农田,却使辽西多种土地利用形式归于单一,这些土地被丈放后,造成了土地沙碱化、土地退化和严重的水土流失,辽西生态环境呈现恶化之相。有清一代,清政府在清前期采取的多种土地利用形式复苏、发展了辽西生态环境,清中期对辽西土地利用的不当导致了生态环境的衰退,清晚期对辽西土地利用的失误造成了生态环境的恶化。从清廷对辽西土地利用政策的改变到渐变再到突变的过程中,让我们看到了辽西生态环境嬗变的历史过程,有值得总结的经验和吸取的教训。
[Abstract]:Liaoning, South Bohai, North Inner Mongolia plateau, West Hebei province and nearby to the East Liaohe River, this paper from the space of this area as the main object of study, from the time division, the Qing Dynasty is the early Qing Dynasty (Shunzhi first year to forty years, Qianlong 1644-1775), mid Qing Dynasty Qianlong (forty-one years to eleven years Xianfeng 1776-1861), and the late Qing Dynasty (in the first year of Xuantong three years, 1862-1911) three times, to the analysis of the historical process of the ecological environment recovery from development to change until the deterioration from the policy and the land use and land use form of the Qing government took on the West Liaoning in different periods, from the environment to adapt to the experience and lessons of land the destruction of ecological environment in land use of lessons, to fill up the blank in the study of regional environmental history of Northeast China.
In the following more than 20 years of war ravaged in the late Ming Dynasty, the war caused varying degrees of damage to the ecological environment in the west of Liaoning. Fate seven years (1622) and the battle of Guangning, Liaoning people caused by discrete, Castle broken, make Guangning to west to Shanhaiguan Ou De area became deserted. After the battle of Guangning, the Ming Dynasty is to recover lost ground. In Jinzhou, Songshan, Ningyuan, Xingshan, right Tun Wei, Daling Xiaolinghe, etc. to build or repair the city walls, although the Ming Dynasty achieved victory in the battle of Ningyuan, but the war not only misplaced the use of natural resources, but also consumes natural resources here. As the Ming Dynasty in the Shanhaiguan Huangtaiji shake from the defense, three years (1629) to three years (1638), Zonta four entry operations, through the Mongolia grassland disturbance detour capital, trample on the Mongolia grassland, grassland vegetation damage. Zonta five years (1640), Song Jin campaign began, three consecutive years of war Make it become more desolate. The frequency of the war by the destruction of the ecological environment has been superimposed, the ecological environment here will approximate to the barren land, abandoned castle in dire straits.
The early Qing Dynasty, in order to change the situation and restore the desolate postwar economy here, the Qing government adopted many measures to achieve through the use of the land, is the establishment of a Royal Manor, playing flag, recruiting people to restoration of abandoned farmland reclamation; two is the establishment of pasture land for cattle to use meadow; three is the establishment of the orchard hill. An animal to the cultivation of fruit trees and mountains; four is the construction of the wicker, designated Mongolia nomadic area, restoration and protection of land use along the border of Mongolia grassland. In the process of land use, the summer and winter grazing pastures take captive the combination mode of operation, the ecological environment helps protect pasture; build the wicker the edge of the west, and effectively prevent the intrusion of farming area of the Mongolian people, prevent the reclamation of grassland, the objective is to protect the ecological environment; set up the orchard hill, on natural forest protection Support and artificial forest culture combined with the road to recovery and utilization of mountain. The land use is dominated by the government of the Qing government, objectively to comply with the land cover different by different land use subject to the different land use determines land use in main forms, so not only to ensure the diversity of the organisms and meet the various needs of people and the land after the recovery of interaction between man and nature, to the ecological environment recovery.
The middle of Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty on the gradual adjustment of the land use policy of land use in the form of the Qing government to change the border Mongolia pasture land use main body, make here by pastoral farming into a farming area, instead of the single crop vegetation here varied grassland and forest vegetation, resulting in reduced forest animal, land use form the changes of ecological environment here change direction. As the shift in Beijing flag, the Qing government decided to trial reclamation of Daling River Ranch and Yangximu pasture, Beijing's has not moved, but was continuing cultivation and pasture refugee private Ken, the Qing government to change part of the pasture land use, the ecological environment of the occurrence of pasture the reverse. The Qing government ban policy to the northeast the letter chi ban, the influence of the northeast land use form, especially the implementation of effective control of the refugees entered into private mountain orchard cultivation to make Material shortage. The Qing government in the form of land use in the adjustment, increase of farmland and forest in western Liaoning and reduce animal caused floods, the fundamental reason is the Qing Dynasty of Mongolia grassland border land use regulation of imbalance, decision-making and improper land use regulation on orchard hill. Due to inadequate land use Dalinghe pasture and rest grazing pasture
In the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing government has been unable to fund the national treasury of Fengtian Xiangyin, other local co Xiangyin and repeatedly dial Mukden in arrears, resulting in a shortage of Xiangyin Fengtian case, in order to raise Xiangyin, the Qing government decided to put Zhang Yangximu pasture, Daling River Ranch and serpentine ranch. Because of the Daling River Ranch Yi Zhang put. D. do not assume the Daling River Ranch horses in winter on behalf of the responsibility, the Qing government deems it necessary D. does not exist, it is also placed. Zhang Huangzhuang of Guangning orchard. By measuring part for silver and silver rent shortage eased the Fengtian Xiangyin frowning. The Qing government has the land use way and by expanding the farmland, but to make a single form of land use in many of these lands by Zhang after causing land sand alkalization, land degradation and serious soil erosion, the ecological environment is deteriorating.
In Qing Dynasty, various forms of land use by the Qing government in the recovery of the early Qing Dynasty, the development of the ecological environment, the land use of the mid Qing Dynasty caused the decline of the ecological environment, the late Qing Dynasty caused the deterioration of the ecological environment of the land use. From the failure of western Liaoning land use policy change to in the process of gradual change to change, let us see the historical process of the evolution of the ecological environment, it is worth summarizing the experience and lessons learned.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249;X2

【引证文献】