宋代内降研究

发布时间：2018-02-15 22:56

本文关键词： 内降宋代抑制皇权　出处：《河北大学》2008年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 宋代内降是指皇帝(包括垂帘太后)违背封建政府正常行政程序,绕过二府·(北宋前期)或三省和枢密院(元丰改制后),直接由内宫下达给有关部门的行政命令。本文开篇概述了宋以前和宋代内降的状况,简要展示了内降起伏变化的过程。根据宋代内降颁出的原因和途径,笔者将其分为三类：出自君王本人意愿的内降、他人交结请托而颁出的内降、他人假借伪造的内降。每一类情况又有颁行的具体不同原因。宋代内降不经审核监督,直接付外执行的特点,给社会生活带来了一系列弊端：首先它直接冲击着权力制约体系,使其丧失驳正救失、权力制衡的重要作用；在行政上,内降不利于作出正确的决策,容易导致政归幸门、号令数变以及官员怠职和素质低下;在军事上,内降缺乏实际的应变能力,钳制了军队作战,削弱了军事实力；在爵赏上,内降非次迁擢使恩赏制度失去了奖励功绩、选拔人才的重要作用,助长了侥幸贿赂之风；在司法上,内降法外开恩、引例破法,干涉司法审判,僭越法律条文；在财政上,内降恩泽使财政收入相对减少,开支日益扩大,老百姓生活也因此遭到压榨和侵扰。为了抑制内降泛滥,宋代正直士大夫一方面从思想观念上劝诫约束君主,防止其滥用内降,另一方面提出规范行政程序,加大惩处力度的具体措施；宋代君主出于维护统治的需要,有时也会对士大夫的抑制行动给予支持和响应,在一定程度上保障并提高了抑制内降的成效。内降本身的合理性因素,客观上促使了内降的长期存在。然而,权幸者的报复和阻挠,部分士大夫的矛盾心理及气节衰变,君主自扰纪纲、忽略放纵的作法和态度,共同促使着内降成为难以抑制、不可根治的痼疾。
[Abstract]:The internal fall of the Song Dynasty means that the emperor (including the queen curtainhead) violated the normal administrative procedures of the feudal government. Bypassing the two prefectures (early Northern Song Dynasty) or three provinces and the Privy Council (after the reform of the Yuan Feng system), the administrative orders issued directly by the Inner Palace to the relevant departments. At the beginning of this article, the paper outlines the situation of the internal decline before the Song Dynasty and in the Song Dynasty. According to the reasons and approaches of the internal drop in the Song Dynasty, the author divides it into three categories: the internal drop from the king's own will, the internal drop by others, In each case, there are specific reasons for the imposition of forgery. In the Song Dynasty, the characteristics of non-examination and supervision, direct payment and external execution brought a series of drawbacks to social life: first, it directly impacted the power restriction system, which made it lose the important role of rebuttal and power balance; Internal descent is not conducive to making correct policy decisions, which can easily lead to a change in the number of orders and to the low quality of officials. In military terms, the internal drop lacks the actual ability to adapt to the situation, which restrains the army from fighting and weakens its military strength; and in respect of the military reward, The system of reward and reward has lost its merit, played an important role in the selection of talents, and encouraged the wind of lucky bribery. In the judicial field, the law has been broken, the law has been broken, the judicial trial has been interfered, and the provisions of the law have been violated. In financial terms, Internal decline Enze makes the fiscal revenue relatively reduced, the expenditure expands day by day, the common people life therefore also suffers the squeeze and the invasion. In order to control the spread of internal health, on the one hand, the honest scholar officials in Song Dynasty exhorted and restrained the monarch from the idea, and on the other hand, put forward the concrete measures of standardizing the administrative procedure and increasing the punishment; In order to maintain the rule, the monarch of the Song Dynasty sometimes supported and responded to the restraining action of the literati and officials, to a certain extent, it protected and improved the effect of restraining the internal drop, which was the rational factor of the internal drop itself. Objectively, it has contributed to the long-term existence of internal decline. However, the retaliation and obstruction of the powerful and fortunate, the contradictory psychology and decaying of some literati and officials, the monarch's interference with the discipline, and the neglect of indulgent practices and attitudes have combined to make it difficult to contain the internal drop. An incurable chronic disease.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K244

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