《周礼》饮食制度研究

发布时间：2018-03-06 14:49

  本文选题：《周礼》　切入点：食官　出处：《扬州大学》2007年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 《周礼》是儒家的重要经典之一,也是我国典章制度的开创性著作。尽管在经学史上围绕《周礼》的真伪问题聚讼千年,但《周礼》在思想文化领域作为儒家经典的崇高地位却从未动摇过,在历代制度建设史上也具有深广的影响,直至今日仍为制度研究者重视。 《周礼》通过设立庞大的食官机构,明确食官职责,构建了我国上古最完整最系统的饮食制度,包括系统严密的食官制度,礼制规定下的王室饮食结构及膳食制度,等级分明的饮食器具使用制度,明君臣之义尊卑有别的饮食礼制。《周礼》所记载的饮食制度为中国古代饮食制度之滥觞,其所蕴含的饮食思想和饮食观念对中国饮食文化的发展起着不可忽视的指导作用。 本文以《周礼》文献为主要研究对象,在梳理、整合饮食资料的基础上,依照食官职能,明确《周礼》饮食制度的类别与内涵,从学术层面考察《周礼》食官制度、饮食结构和膳食制度、饮食器具使用制度、食礼制度;结合先秦其它文献和考古材料等,采用比较的方法,点与面结合的方式,辨释、考证相关制度,展示《周礼》饮食制度的全貌。 《周礼》食官规模庞大,有50种食官和3794名餐饮技术人员,其职能涵盖了饮食活动的全过程。将先秦文献记载的食官与金文比较分析、考证,得出《周礼》中的11种食官在金文中能找到相对应的职官,其职能包括了饮食制作过程的主要环节,这证明《周礼》食官制度与西周食官制度在相当程度上具有一致性。《周礼》食官制度的膳食管理之权依附于行政管理之权,食政交融;食官职能与祭祀活动密不可分,食官兼具提供王室膳食以及祭祀食品的双重职责;食官被排在“六官”之首的天官系统的前列,在《周礼》职官体系中占有相当重要的地位。 食、饮、膳、羞构成了《周礼》王室的饮食结构,其中主食为六谷米饭,饮为三酒六饮,菜肴是膳羞羹。从羹的制作原料、加工方法和食用方式方面考察,证实先秦羹不同于今日呈糊状的羹,是有肉块和一定量汁的食物。《周礼》饮食结构中的食品丰盛豪华,制作精致,菜肴已不只是佐餐的食物,其重要性等同或超过了主食,因此《周礼》饮食结构不同于先秦社会的基本型、普通型饮食结构中饭较菜重要的特征,它模糊了主食与菜肴的主次关系,成为礼制规定下食者政治地位、尊贵等级的体现。 作为政治、哲学概念的“和”与五味调和有直接的渊源关系。《周礼》膳食制度中的“和”不仅仅是指烹饪制作中的五味调和,而且还指诸多食物性味的均衡、适中,食物与四时季节的协调一致,食物与人体的和谐统一。《周礼》中的因地选料、以时取料的原料选用制度,在于获得优质烹饪原料,它也保护了动植物资源,反映了《周礼》已具有人与自然和谐相处的朦胧意识。《周礼》王室膳食实行的是三餐制,表明先秦社会三餐制已出现。《周礼》设“司几筵”职掌宴饮活动中筵、席、几的使用制度,筵席由此发展成为宴饮的代名词。 饮食器具的礼器化是《周礼》饮食器具的一个显著特征。《周礼》记载了以鼎为核心的等级分明的饮食器具使用制度,包括用鼎制度,鼎与簋、俎、镬、爨的组配,笾豆使用制度,尊卑异爵的饮酒器使用制度,六尊六彝盛酒器使用制度,天子圭瓒挹酒器使用制度。以鼎簋为核心的列器制度是周人“重食”观念在饮食器物上的反映。《周礼》按爵、命等级将饮食器具的组合分为四个等级,其中诸侯和天子“鼎簋十二”是东周的列器制度,它僭越了西周礼器制度。《周礼》中的饮食器具组合成为王室、贵族政治权势和社会地位的象征,是食以体政的工具。 饮食礼制是对饮食活动中的程序、礼仪、礼器、食物的规定。《周礼》中的牢礼之法、饔飧食物礼、飨食燕礼就是这种程式化、制度化的饮食活动的体现。牢礼之法是在朝觐、会同、聘见宾客中,对牢礼、委积、膳献、饮食等多少等级及使用场合的规定,是饮食礼制的法纲。饔、飧是主国君致宾客的大小食物礼,是由朝食丰盛为饔、夕食降损为飧发展而来。《周礼》中的飨礼对象主要是宾客。从飨礼的全过程考察,飨礼不仅仅是历代学者认为的设盛礼向宾客致敬,还包括了设盛宴招待宾客。《周礼》在“大行人”、“掌客”职中规定,饔、飧食物礼和飨礼、食礼、燕礼按诸侯爵命分为三个等级。《周礼》在饮食活动中明确礼物等级,履行礼仪,是为了表达礼义,发挥礼的政治社会功能,以保证上下有序的统治形态,达到君、臣、民之间的和谐与国家的长治久安。
[Abstract]:< > Zhou is one of the important Confucian classics, but also China's pioneering work on the institutional system. Although in the study history on < Zhouli > authenticity argue thousand years, but Zhou < > in the field of thought and culture as the lofty position of Confucian classics has never wavered in the system construction the history also has profound influence, until today is still the system of researchers attention.
< > Zhou through the establishment of a huge body of food, food, construction, clear responsibilities, in ancient China the most complete system of the diet system, including the system of officer system closely, Royal diet and dietary regime under the provisions of the ritual of eating utensils, hierarchical system, Ming Junchen meaning hierarchic diet etiquette. Zhou > recorded in the system as the origin of ancient diet diet system Chinese, plays a guiding role can not be ignored in the development of dietetic ideology and concept of the implication of China diet culture.
In this paper, "Zhou Li" literature as the main research object, combing, integration based on dietary data, in accordance with the officer functions, clear classification and connotation of < Zhouli > diet system, < Zhouli > investigation officer system from the academic level, the diet structure and diet system, system use eating utensils, food ritual system; combination of pre Qin literature and archaeological materials, using the comparative method, and the combination of textual research, distinction, relevant system, display < Zhouli > diet system of the whole picture.
< > Zhou food, large scale, there are 50 kinds of food, catering and 3794 technical personnel, its function covers the whole process of diet activities. The food officer and inscriptions written in pre Qin literature research, comparative analysis, and draw 11 kinds of food, "Zhou Li > can find the corresponding official in the bronze inscription in its functions include the main links of food cooking process, which proves that < Zhouli > officer system and the Western Zhou officer system has consistency. Zhou > officer system of dietary management rights to a considerable extent dependent on the administrative power, food, food and politics blend; functions and ritual activities. Can not be separated, officer provides double duty Royal diet and ritual food; food, is ranked in the six, the first day of the official system in the forefront, occupies a very important position in" Zhou Li > official system.
Food, drink, food, shame constitutes a diet of Zhou Royal < >, which is the staple food for three Steamed Rice Liugu, drink wine to drink six dishes, is made from meal soup. Shame soup, the processing method and the way of eating it has been proved that pre Qin soup is different from today a paste soup, there is food. Zhou > diet meat and a certain amount of juice in the food rich and luxurious, exquisite dishes, not only with food, its importance is equal to or more than the basic type of food, so < Zhouli > diet structure is different from the pre Qin society, ordinary diet is an important feature of food for lunch it blurred the relationship between primary and secondary, staple food and food, food become political status under the provisions of the ritual, embodies the distinguished grade.
As a political philosophy, the concept of "and" reconcile with five flavor has a direct relationship. Zhou system "and" diet "not only refers to the production of cooking in five reconcile, but also refers to the tastes of food balanced, moderate, coordinated and four seasonal food, food and human harmony. Zhou > in due to the choice of materials, in the material selection when reclaiming system, is to obtain high quality cooking materials, it is also the protection of animal and plant resources, reflects the" Zhouli > has a harmony between man and nature of the dim consciousness. Zhou royal family is the implementation of the dietary > meals, that system has appeared in the pre Qin society. Zhou three > "our few feast feast activities in their seats, a few of the feast, the use of the system, thus become synonymous with feast feast.
The ritual of eating utensils is < Zhouli > diet appliance is a significant feature. Zhou > recorded eating utensils with tripod as the core of the hierarchical system, including the system with the tripod, Ding and GUI, Zu, wok, Cuan collocation, use system for drinking two ancient food containers used at sacrifices, and ISO cup using the system, six statues of six Yi Sheng wine use system, the use of the system. Yi GUI Zan wine column system as the core is to Ding Gui Zhou people "food" concept in the diet on the artifacts reflect Zhou. > according to jazz, life grade combination of food utensils are divided into four grades the princes and the emperor "Ding GUI twelve" column for the system, it takes precedence over the combination of eating utensils. Zhou > in the ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty as a royal family, a symbol of noble political power and social status, is the food to body politics.
楗�椋熺ぜ鍒舵槸瀵归ギ椋熸椿鍔ㄤ腑鐨勭▼搴�,绀间华,绀煎櫒,椋熺墿鐨勮�勫�，

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