出土文字资料所见先秦秦汉祖先神崇拜的演变

发布时间：2018-03-19 19:44

本文选题：商代　切入点：西周春秋　出处：《陕西师范大学》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 摘要：本文主要从先秦秦汉的出土文字资料入手,并结合考古学以及文献资料,研究先秦秦汉祖先神崇拜的特点、性质及其发展演变。本文主要分为以下五个部分：第一部分,绪论。首先,就前人有关祖先神崇拜研究的情况进行概述,对研究现状进行总结。其次,论述了出土文字资料所见祖先神崇拜研究的价值与意义。最后,对文中涉及的几个概念予以区分,分析了祖先神崇拜的理论基础,即灵魂不灭思想,进一步指出祖先神崇拜就是中国古代的本土宗教。第二部分,祖先神崇拜的滥觞时期。初步探析了传说时代颛顼以来的祖先神崇拜与神权政治,并剖析了考古资料中所见的灵魂不灭意识与祖先神崇拜意识。第三部分,兴盛期的祖先神崇拜与殷卜辞中体现的神权政治特色。论述了商代甲骨文中所见祖先神在神权崇拜中的地位、商代甲骨文中祖先神崇拜的祭祀仪式。并总结了商代祖先神崇拜的特点。第四部分,主要论述了兴盛期的祖先神崇拜与周代金文中分层化的祖灵祭祀。在这一部分,首先分析了周代祖先神崇拜的特点以及周代青铜礼器与金文中所见的祖先神崇拜。用于祭祀祖先神的青铜礼器体现了周人的祖先神崇拜观念；同时,金文中的祖先神崇拜体现了周代的宗法等级制度。其次,进一步论述了周代金文中祖先神崇拜的内容,即金文中的求长寿、求福禄、求康佑以及祈求祖先神保佑自身、家国、官爵之辞。最后,论述了周代金文中祖先神崇拜的二重性,即周代的祖先神崇拜是一种报恩性的孝道,又是一种祈福求佑的功利性的宗教,对祖先神崇拜作了更进一步的认识。第五部分,主要探析了战国秦汉出土文字资料所见祖先神崇拜的衰落。首先,分析了西周晚期以来祖先神地位的逐渐下降,主要表现为各种怨天思想出现、春秋时期思想家的“重民轻神”思潮,以及春秋晚期以孔子为代表的儒家的鬼神观是自然主义态度。其次,论述了战国时期的鬼神系统及其祖先神崇拜的特点。战国时期的祭祀、丧葬制度发生了新变化,战国诸子的鬼神观念也有很大差别。再次,分析了战国简帛文字所见祖先神崇拜的衰落。主要从祭祀对象、祭祀方法、使用祭品情况、贞问的内容几个方面分析了战国时期出土的楚简、秦玉版铭文、云梦秦简等文字资料中所见祖先神崇拜的变化。最后,论述了汉代泛神崇拜的兴盛与出土文字所见祖先神地位的进一步衰落。主要分析了汉代的泛神崇拜、汉代孝道与丧葬以及汉代出土文字资料所见祖先神地位的式微,并对祖先神崇拜衰落的原因及对后世的影响予以分析。第六部分,结语。主要是对全文的要点予以总结。
[Abstract]:Absrtact: this paper mainly starts with the unearthed characters of pre-Qin, Qin and Han dynasties, and studies the characteristics, nature and development of the worship of the ancestors of the Qin and Han dynasties by combining with archaeology and literature. This paper is divided into the following five parts:. The first part is the introduction. Firstly, it summarizes the research situation of ancestor deity worship and summarizes the present situation of the research. Secondly, it discusses the value and significance of the study of ancestor god worship seen from the unearthed text. This paper distinguishes several concepts involved in this paper, analyzes the theoretical basis of ancestor deity worship, that is, the thought of eternal soul, and further points out that ancestor deity worship is the native religion of ancient China. The second part, the origin period of ancestor god worship, analyzes the ancestor god worship and theocratic politics since Zhuanxu in the legend era, and analyzes the consciousness of soul immortality and ancestor god worship seen in archaeological materials. The third part discusses the status of ancestor gods in the oracle inscriptions of Shang Dynasty. The ritual of worship of ancestor gods in oracle bone inscriptions of Shang Dynasty, and the characteristics of worship of gods of ancestors in Shang Dynasty were summarized. Part 4th mainly discusses the worship of ancestral gods in the flourishing period and the hierarchical sacrifice of the ancestors in the Zhou Dynasty's Jin Dynasty. In this part, First of all, it analyzes the characteristics of the worship of the ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty and the bronze ritual vessels of the Zhou Dynasty and the worship of the gods of the ancestors as seen in the Jin text. The bronze ritual vessels used to worship the ancestors reflect the concept of worship of the ancestors of the Zhou people, and at the same time, The worship of ancestral gods in the Jin Dynasty embodies the patriarchal hierarchy of the Zhou Dynasty. Secondly, the contents of the worship of the ancestral gods in the Jin Dynasty are further discussed, that is, the pursuit of longevity, fortune, health and protection in the Jin Dynasty, as well as the blessing of the ancestral gods and the family country. Finally, it discusses the duality of the worship of ancestor gods in the Jin text of the Zhou Dynasty, that is, the worship of the ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty is a kind of filial piety of recompense and a kind of utilitarian religion of praying for the blessing and protection, and makes a further understanding of the worship of the ancestor gods. In the 5th part, the author mainly analyzes the decline of worship of ancestor gods in the literature unearthed in Qin and Han dynasties. Firstly, it analyzes the gradual decline in the status of ancestors' gods since the late Western Zhou Dynasty, which is mainly manifested in the appearance of various kinds of antithetical thoughts. In the Spring and Autumn period, the ideological trend of "attaching importance to the people and neglecting God" and the Confucian view of ghosts and deities represented by Confucius in the late Spring and Autumn period are naturalistic attitudes. This paper discusses the characteristics of the system of ghosts and gods and the worship of their ancestors during the warring States period. The system of sacrifice and burial in the warring States period has undergone a new change, and the concept of ghosts and gods of the philosophers of the warring States period is also very different. This paper analyzes the decline of worship of ancestor deities seen in the letters of bamboo and silk in the warring States period. It mainly analyzes the inscriptions of Chu bamboo slips and Qin jade plates unearthed in the warring States period from the following aspects: the objects of sacrifice, the methods of sacrifice, the situation of using sacrifices, and the contents of chastity questions. Finally, it discusses the prosperity of pan-deity worship in Han Dynasty and the further decline of ancestral deity status of unearthed characters. It mainly analyzes the pan-deity worship in Han Dynasty. Filial piety and burial in the Han Dynasty and the decline of the position of the ancestor gods as seen in the literature unearthed in the Han Dynasty, and the reasons for the decline of the worship of the ancestors and their influence on the later generations were analyzed. Part 6th, conclusion. It mainly summarizes the main points of the paper.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K232

【引证文献】