明代密疏研究

发布时间：2018-04-03 01:09

本文选题：明代　切入点：密疏　出处：《吉林大学》2004年博士论文

【摘要】：关于明代密疏的研究，直接缘起于学术界对清代密折制度的认识。清史学界基本一致地认为密折是清代的独创，因此，在清代以前的中国历史上，到底有没有在本质上类似清代“密折”的东西，或者说，在名称上，历史文献中诸多的与清代“密折”相似的说法，是否就是在本质上与清代的“密折”是一样的。对明代的密疏进行研究，大体上可以回答以上问题。明代的密疏，即秘密章奏，在明代的文献中，它也称密奏、密疏言事、密封言事、密揭、实封、封事等等，是臣民上呈给皇帝的有别于普通章奏的一种特殊上行官文书。它的基本特征是，直达御前，由皇帝亲自批答而无需假他人之手，具有高度的保密性。臣民给皇帝上密疏并不是明代独有的，而是古已有之的政治现象。最早的有文献记载的是在西汉的宣帝时期，此后历朝历代密疏言事都十分普遍。与各个历史时期政治发展相适应，密疏言事在不同的历史时期也都形成一些各具特色的特征。就密疏言事发展变化的趋势来说，不断地完善，并与不同时期君主专制政治的加强相联系，是一贯的。当然其间也偶有反复，甚至是倒退。明代密疏直达御前、皇帝亲批而不假他人之手、高度保密等基本特征，只是一种相对笼统的说法，它并不是在明朝初年一下子形成的，而是经历了一个比较长的初步制度化过程逐步形成的。明代密疏制度化的历程，是与明朝不断加强君主专制的中央集权政治的 WP=278 需要相一致的。这个过程开始于明太祖朱元璋对相权的剥夺，内阁政治出现以后，密疏言事作为君主专制政治的一个补充手段的作用，又得到进一步地加强。从明太祖始，至明代中期的诸帝，对密疏言事的制度化问题大都做过相应的规定，使得明代的密疏言事呈现出如下的制度化特点。第一，关于明代密疏的书写格式。明代密疏的书写格式一直深受普通题、奏本的影响，在明世宗嘉靖皇帝以前，除了在格式上稍自由活泼外，密疏的格式与普通题、奏的格式并无太大的区别。嘉靖初年，世宗皇帝对密疏的书写格式作了一些规定，如上密疏人的称谓、密疏大小的尺寸、书写的行数及字数、封套正面的标识等作了规定。与一般的题奏本相比，仍无特别之处。第二，关于密疏的传递与进呈方式。明代密疏的传递与进呈总共有四个途径，即通过通政司转呈，或个人直接送到会极门，然后由内廷的宦官转递，或个人利用进见皇帝的时机直接呈上，或于紧急之时从宫门门隙直接投入，再由宦官转递至御前。在这四种途径中，后两者属于特殊之人和特殊时期，因而不具有普遍性，而前两者在明代很长的时间里一直被臣民们普遍地遵守着，形成了一些共同遵守的规则。第三，关于密疏的处理程序。明代皇帝对密疏的处理程式与普通的题奏相比，较为简捷明快，它无须内阁的票拟，也不必经过六科的审核封驳，而是由皇帝在原密疏的尾部直接批答或签署，交给原上密疏人直接付诸实施，从而避开了其他人可能对密疏的处理的影响，这也是皇帝实现专制的一个重要渠道。第四，关于上密疏人的资格。对密疏言事人资格的限定，对密疏言事制度化的影响是十分重大的。明代对密疏言事人的资格限定，除了流放的罪人外，，王公大臣、文武百官，乃至普通民人都可以给皇帝上密疏。此外，因某种特殊的要求，钦天监、内阁以及整个言官体系的官员，因他们在该衙门任职而有了密疏言事的职能资格，还有某些臣僚因与皇帝的关系特殊而被皇帝 WP=279 特别准允可以密疏言事。这两种情况是明代密疏言事中的特殊现象，也应视为是明代对密疏言事资格限定的发展。第五，关于密疏的保密。保密是明代密疏最重要的特征，也是密疏区别于普通章奏最为显著的地方。无论是明代的皇帝，还是给皇帝上密疏的大臣们，都有较强的密疏保密意识。在密疏的保密措施上，密疏的书写与誊抄，一般要求是上密疏人亲自书写，在密疏的传递、进呈与处理的各个环节上，都有较为严格的保密措施，正是这些较为完善的保密措施，使得明代密疏的保密效果还是成功的。明代密疏所呈现出来的这些制度化特征，在明代以前的各个历史时期，并不是一起表现出来的，有时可能表现为其中的某一个或某几个方面，因而明代密疏言事制度化的水平，表明明代密疏言事的发展已经达到了一个较高的程度，但也应看到，明代密疏言事仍有许多不够完善的地方，这也正是它处于初步制度化的阶段的一个标志。
[Abstract]:On the basis of the study of Ming Dynasty ' s secret research , it is believed that it is the original of Qing Dynasty . Therefore , in the history of Chinese history , it is the same as the Qing Dynasty ' s " close discount " in the history of Qing Dynasty .

The secret chapter of Ming Dynasty , that is , the secret chapter , in the literature of Ming Dynasty , it also referred to as the secret script , the secret talk , the seal words , the secret , the real seal , the seal , and so on , is a special ascending official document presented to the emperor on the subject . Its basic feature is that before the royal palace , the emperor personally approves and answers without the hand of false others , has a high degree of confidentiality .

It is not only unique to the Ming Dynasty but not unique in the Ming Dynasty , but it is a political phenomenon in ancient times . As the earliest documents describe the period of the reign of the Western Han Dynasty , it is very common that all dynasties have different characteristics . In contrast with the development of the political development in various historical periods , it is always perfect for the development of the dense and sparse words to develop , and it is always consistent with the strengthening of the monarchy in different periods .

It is a relatively general statement that it is not formed in the first year of Ming Dynasty , but it is gradually formed by a comparatively long preliminary institutionalization process .

The history of the institutionalization of the Ming Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty are the central collection politics of strengthening the monarchy with the Ming Dynasty

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This process starts with the deprivation of the right of the emperor Zhu Yuanzhang and the political emergence of the cabinet . After the political emergence of the Cabinet , the secret talk is a supplementary means of the monarchy and is further strengthened . From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to the middle of the Ming Dynasty , the systematism of the secret language has been regulated accordingly , so that the secret and sparse words in the Ming Dynasty presented the following institutional characteristics .

First , with respect to the writing format of the Ming Dynasty , the writing format of Ming Dynasty was always well influenced by the general problems . Before Emperor Jiajing Emperor Jiajing , in addition to being slightly free and lively in the Ming Dynasty , the format of dense and sparse was not quite different from that of the general title , and the author also made some provisions on the writing format of the secret and sparse , such as the name of the upper secret , the size of the secret and the size of the writing , the number of lines and the sign of the front face of the envelope .

Second , with regard to the transmission and advancement of dense and sparse communication , there are four ways to transfer and enter into the Ming Dynasty , namely , through the transformation of the Chief Secretary , or the direct investment of the individual to the meeting gate , and then transferred to the Imperial Palace by the uchs . In these four ways , the latter belong to the special people and the special period , so they do not have the universality , and the former two have been universally observed by the subjects in the long period of the Ming Dynasty , and formed some rules of mutual respect .

Third , with regard to the process of dense and sparse treatment , the Ming Dynasty emperor ' s treatment program is relatively simple and rapid compared with the common theme . It does not need a cabinet vote , but it does not have to go through six sections of examination and refutation , but it is directly put into practice by the emperor at the tail of the original secret , so as to avoid the influence of other people ' s potential on the treatment of dense and hydrophobic , which is also an important channel for the emperor to realize the tyranny .

Fourth , with regard to the qualifications of the upper secret , it is very important to define the qualifications of the secret - minded people . It is very important to systematize the secret - talk business . In addition to being exiled , officials of Wang Gong , Wen Wuguan , and even ordinary people can give the emperor a secret service . In addition , because of the special requirements , the imperial court , the cabinet and the officials of the whole speech system , because of the special requirements , the imperial court , the cabinet and the officials of the whole speech system , because they have been serving in the Yamen , have the function of the secret language , and some subjects have been emperor because of the special relationship with the emperor

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The two situations are the special phenomena in the Ming Dynasty , which should also be regarded as the development of the qualification of the secret language in the Ming Dynasty .

Fifth , the secret of secrecy is the most important feature of the secret of the Ming Dynasty . It is also the most prominent place to distinguish the secret from the ordinary chapter . Whether the emperor of the Ming Dynasty , or the ministers who were close to the emperor , had a strong sense of secrecy and secrecy .

These institutional characteristics , which are presented in the Ming Dynasty , have not been shown together in various historical periods before the Ming Dynasty , and sometimes appear as one or some of them , so the level of the institutionalization of the Ming Dynasty ' s secret talk has reached a higher degree , but it should also be seen that there are still many places that are not perfect in the Ming Dynasty , which is also a sign of the stage of its preliminary institutionalization .

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K248

【引证文献】