宋代明堂礼制研究

发布时间：2018-05-25 20:04

本文选题：宋代 + 明堂　；参考：《河南大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：明堂礼是中国古代社会重要的祭天礼之一,它于九月吉辛日在行礼殿(即明堂)举行。周公明堂礼是儒家经典中明堂礼的典范,为历代统治者所推崇。周公明堂礼最早的记载见于《孝经》、《周礼》、《吕氏春秋》、《礼记》等,但这些记载都比较简略、疏阔。经过秦汉、魏晋学者长期地考辨、讨论、注释,周公明堂礼制的记载逐渐丰富,同时也造成了异论丛生的滥觞。这一时期,明堂礼实践有限。隋唐时期是中国古代明堂礼制的繁荣时期。唐朝理清了天、帝之间的关系,正式承认五帝亦为天,明堂礼由享帝礼升为祭天礼之一。唐朝确立了一岁四祭天制度,并区分大礼、常礼之别。唐朝确立了三岁一亲郊制度,制定了详备的祭祀仪式。武则天自我创制,修建了明堂。唐朝中后期的明堂常礼,在实践中形成了严父配天制度。宋代是中国古代明堂礼制的鼎盛期。自宋仁宗末年开始,宋代的三岁一亲郊制度形成完善、固定的制度,皇帝每三年一次亲自举行南郊大礼或明堂大礼。宋代三百多年间共举行明堂大礼48次,这是中国古代历史中绝无仅有的现象。宋徽宗时期修建的明堂,是中国历史上最符合儒家明堂形制思想的明堂。但明堂并不是明堂大礼必须的内容,宋徽宗以前及南宋的明堂大礼多在大庆殿举行。北宋明堂大礼、常礼皆实施严父配天制度,由考父配享。南宋明堂常礼实施祖宗配天制度,宋光宗朝以前由宋太宗配享,之后则由宋高宗配享。南宋明堂大礼配享制度多有变更。宋理宗淳yP二年以前,明堂大礼实施宋太祖、太宗并配制度。宋理宗淳yP二年以后,明堂大礼实施严父加祖宗并配制度,由宋太祖、太宗加考父的三圣并侑模式或者由宋太祖、太宗、高宗加考父四圣并侑模式。宋代明堂礼实践中出现了关于明堂礼配享制度的三次大规模争论,三次争论分别从确立了明堂大礼实践中的严父配天制度、祖宗并配制度、祖宗加考父并配制度,体现了宋代明堂礼对中国古代明堂礼制的继承及适时变迁。宋代明堂大礼实施赦宥、赏赐制度。宋代每行明堂大礼皆赏赐军队、百官、宗室、后妃,赦宥罪犯、蠲免逋欠。这是唐宋以来尤其是宋代明堂大礼的一项重要制度,是宋代明堂大礼世俗功能突出的一个重要体现,对宋代社会产生了广泛影响。宋代明堂礼制兴盛,原因在于:第一,明堂大礼是祭天盛典,有利于宣示其政权的合法性、正统性,有利于维护统治。第二,明堂大礼能够适时变迁,能够适应当时社会的需求。第三,宋代明堂礼制理论研究成果丰富,为宋代明堂礼制实践提供了理论基础。第四,明堂礼简便易行,操作性强。无论是在理论上,还是实践上,宋代的明堂礼制都是中国古代明堂礼制发展的鼎盛期。宋代明堂大礼实施赦宥、恩赏制度,有利于协调社会各阶层间的矛盾。有利于稳定政权。宋代频繁举行明堂大礼,加重了民众负担,加剧了宋代的冗官、冗费问题,对社会亦产生了诸多不利影响。与前代相比,宋代明堂礼制祭祀功能弱化,世俗功能突出。
[Abstract]:Ming Tang rite is one of the most important ceremonies in ancient Chinese society. It was held at the salute Hall (Ji Mingtang) on September in Gissing.
Zhou Gong Ming Tang ceremony is the model of the Confucian classics in the Ming Dynasty. The earliest records of the rulers of the dynasties were found in the earliest records of the Ming Tang Dynasty, which were seen in the filial piety, Zhou Li, Lu's spring and autumn, and the book of rites. During the period of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Tang Dynasty was a period of prosperity of the ancient Ming Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty clearly defined the relationship between the emperor and the emperor. The Tang Dynasty officially recognized the five emperors as a day, and the Ming Tang ceremony was one of the rituals of the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty established a year four worship system, and distinguished the courtesy and the courtesy. In the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty established a system of three year old and one parent suburb, and formulated a detailed ceremony of sacrificial sacrifice. Wu Zetian created his own creation and built a Ming hall. The Ming Tang Dynasty in the middle and late Tang Dynasty formed a strict father matching system in practice.
The Song Dynasty was the peak of the ancient Ming Dynasty ceremony system in China. Since the last year of the song Ren Zong, the system of three year old and one suburb of the Song Dynasty has formed a perfect and fixed system. The emperor personally held the southern outskirts and the Ming hall in himself every three years. In the more than 300 years of the Song Dynasty, a total of Ming Tang ceremony was held in the Song Dynasty, which was the unique phenomenon in ancient Chinese history. The Ming Tang, which was built during the period, is the most conforming to the Confucianism of the Confucian Ming hall in the history of China. But the Ming Tang is not the content of the Ming Hall's great gift. Song Huizong and the Ming hall in the Southern Song Dynasty were held in the temple of Daqing.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, the ritual of the Ming Tang Dynasty was carried out by the father of the emperor in the Song Dynasty. Song Guang Zong was enjoyed by Song Taizong before the Song Dynasty, and then was enjoyed by Song Gaozong. The system of ritual distribution in the Ming Tang Dynasty in the Southern Song Dynasty was changed. Song Li Zong Chun yP, two years ago, Song Taizong, Tai Zong and the Song Dynasty. After two years of Li Zong Chun yP, the Ming Tang Dynasty rite carried out the strict father plus the ancestor and the system, from Song Taizu, Tai Zong and his father's three saints and his mode, or Song Taizu, Tai Zong, Gao Zong and his father's mode. In the Song Dynasty Ming Tang ceremony, there appeared three large-scale controversies about the system of rite sharing in Ming Tang Dynasty, and the three arguments were established respectively. In the practice of Tang Dynasty, the strict father distribution system, the ancestor and the system, the ancestor plus the examination father and the system, reflected the inheritance and the timely change of the Ming Tang ceremony of the Song Dynasty to the ancient Ming Dynasty ceremony system in China.
The Song Dynasty Ming Tang grand ceremony carried out pardon and reward system. In the Song Dynasty, the great ceremonies in each row of the Song Dynasty rewarded the army, the hundred officials, the clans, the concubines, pardon the criminals and exemption from the arrears. This is an important system in the Tang and Song Dynasties, especially in the Ming Tang Dynasty. It is an important embodiment of the secular function of the Ming hall in the Song Dynasty, which has a wide influence on the Song Dynasty.
The reasons for the flourishing ceremony of Ming Tang Dynasty in the Song Dynasty lies in the following reasons: first, the Ming Tang grand ceremony is the festival of heaven, which is conducive to the declaration of the legitimacy of its power, orthodoxy, and conducive to the maintenance of the rule. Second, Ming Tang grand ceremony can be timely vicissitude, and can adapt to the needs of the society at that time. Third, the theory of ritual system in the Ming Tang Dynasty is rich in the ceremony of the Song Dynasty. The theoretical basis. Fourth, Ming Tang Li is simple and easy to operate with strong operability.
Both in theory and in practice, the Ming hall system in the Song Dynasty was the flourishing period of the development of the ancient Ming hall system in the Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty Ming Tang Dynasty courtesy carried out pardon and reward system, which was conducive to the coordination of contradictions among all social strata. It was beneficial to the stability of the political power. The problem of fee also has many negative effects on the society. Compared with the previous generation, the sacrificial function of the Ming Tang sacrificial ceremony in the Song Dynasty was weakened and the secular function was outstanding.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K244

【引证文献】