宋代地方社会治安问题初探
发布时间：2018-08-27 08:28
【摘要】： “治安学”是中国特有的学科和概念,“中国治安史”是一门新兴的专门史。宋代在中国古代治安史中具有承上启下的历史地位。目前,学术界对宋代京城的治安已有诸多研究,而宋代地方治安问题尚无专题研究。 在已有治安史的研究成果中,大多偏重于治安制度或法定罪名,而犯罪研究才是治安史的研究走向“犯罪——治理”模式的前提。借鉴现代治安学理论并吸收宋史学界的现有成果进行综合性研究,是宋代地方社会治安问题走向深入的途径。 宋代地方社会存在多种危害治安的犯罪类型。盗贼是中国封建社会中最为普遍的犯罪类型,也是对封建治安冲击最为严重的犯罪类型。“盗贼”是宋代社会中的高发性犯罪,并有向恶性化、政治化发展的趋势,犯罪主体的职业背景呈现多样性。“海盗”亦是南宋“盗贼”犯罪的重要组成部分,在中国历史上宋代海盗犯罪最早成为突出社会问题。宋代将军人犯罪称为“军贼”,宋代部分军人盗贼化了,士兵扰民也是突出的社会治安问题。“民贼”和“军贼”交织在一起是宋代“盗贼”犯罪的突出特色。私盐是宋代走私犯罪的典型,私盐犯罪始终是宋代一个十分突出的问题,存在于生产运销多个环节,并有武装化、团伙化的特点。宋代商业诈伪现象突出,并以商品假冒伪劣现象最为猖獗,宋代是世界上最早发生伪造纸币犯罪的时期。宋代秘密宗教犯罪具有地域传播广泛、团体化趋势明显的特点。宋代地方“豪强”犯罪呈现残酷害民、对抗官府及与地方贪官污吏勾结的特征。宋代地方游民常称霸乡里,危害百姓,是敲诈、兴讼、诈骗、偷窃等多种犯罪的主体。宋代地方社会中赌风盛行,带来了严重的社会问题。《水浒传》从多方面反映了宋代社会犯罪的状况。 宋代统治者为维护地方治安设计了严密的防控体系。军事力量的布防突出“内外相制”格局,招兵制度中荒年募兵与刑徒为兵都对地方治安产生深远影响。“重法地”之法和“重法人”之法是北宋王朝实行打击政治性和刑事犯罪的特别法,是在非特殊时期的维护社会治安的刑事治理政策。宋代保甲制担负着户籍管理、夜间巡逻等多种治安职能,逐步趋向军事化。宋代统治者为防治犯罪采取了刑罚威胁主义,从而使宋代犯罪处罚走向了重典化,以凌迟、刺配刑最为典型。宋代也是中国历史上实行“招安”政策比较频繁的时期。宋代厢坊制带来了城市治安模式的转变,但地方城市中厢坊治安情况史料不足。 宋代地方各级官员都负有维护治安之责。宋代由地方文臣长官统兵,安抚使司与提刑按察使司都具有治安职能,州县长官承担着更为重要的治安责任。宋代地方官员以法令、案例、俗训、乡规的宣传进行社会教化。 宋代在全国设有两套行使国家警察职能的机构,一套为巡检司,一套为县尉司。宋代巡尉组织设置逐渐向社会基层延伸,都以维护社会治安为主要职能,只能参与缉捕巡查,而没有审判的权力,是中国警察史上专职化的重要开端。宋代地方巡尉配备不同的治安力量,在巡逻区域与缉捕行动中也有一定的分工 宋代加强了地方治安管理的防范措施,坚持“毁城和不修城”的城墙政策,实行公凭进入城门和宵禁制度。宋代加强地方旅馆业的管理,旅客登记制度初步形成。宋代对民间兵器管理严密并对民间习武风气加以禁止。 宋王朝319年统治间,社会治安总体状况并不理想,地方兵民的反抗斗争始终不断,但呈现了明显的地方性,持续时间也都不长,没有发生全国性农民斗争,这在中国历代王朝中是从来没有的。宋代统治者的治安政策设计总体上还是有效防范了各类社会犯罪,缓冲了社会矛盾爆发对统治秩序的破坏力度,确保了宋王朝对社会冲突的承受能力。宋代以后,由元迄明、清两代,中国社会再没有出现地方武力割据、分裂的局面。
[Abstract]:"Public Order" is a special subject and concept in China, and "History of Public Order in China" is a new special history. The Song Dynasty has a connecting link in the history of public order in ancient China.
Most of the achievements in the study of the history of public security lay particular stress on the public security system or legal charges, while the study of crime is the premise for the study of the history of public security to move towards the mode of "crime-governance". Way.
There were many types of crimes against public security in Song Dynasty. Thieves were the most common type of crimes in Chinese feudal society and the most serious type of crimes that impacted the feudal public security. "Piracy" is also an important part of "robbery" crime in the Southern Song Dynasty. Piracy crime in the Song Dynasty became a prominent social problem in Chinese history. The crimes committed by generals in the Song Dynasty were called "military thieves". Some soldiers in the Song Dynasty were burglarized and soldiers disturbing the people were also prominent social security problems. Salt smuggling is a typical smuggling crime in Song Dynasty. Salt smuggling is always a very prominent problem in Song Dynasty. It exists in many links of production, transportation and marketing, and has the characteristics of armed and gangs. Secret religious crimes in the Song Dynasty were characterized by widespread regional dissemination and obvious trend of group formation. Local "heroic" crimes in the Song Dynasty were characterized by cruelty against the people and collusion with local officials and corrupt officials. The prevalence of gambling in the local society in the Song Dynasty brought about serious social problems.
The rulers of the Song Dynasty designed a strict system of prevention and control for the maintenance of local public order. The special law is a policy of criminal management to maintain public order in the non-special period. The system of Baojia in Song Dynasty assumed the functions of household registration management and night patrol, and gradually tended to be militarized. The rulers of Song Dynasty adopted the principle of threatening punishment to prevent and control crimes, which made the punishment of crimes in Song Dynasty more serious and the punishment of staying late was the most classic. The Song Dynasty was also a time when the policy of "enlisting public security" was carried out frequently in Chinese history.
Local officials at all levels in the Song Dynasty were responsible for maintaining public order. In the Song Dynasty, the local literati ministers were in charge of the army, the conciliation ministers and the prosecution ministers both had public order functions, and the prefectures and counties assumed more important public security responsibilities.
In Song Dynasty, there were two sets of organs which exercised the functions of the National Police, one was the Inspection Department, the other was the County Lieutenant. In Song Dynasty, the organization of the Inspection Lieutenants gradually extended to the grass-roots level of the society. Both of them took the maintenance of public order as the main function and could only participate in the arrest and inspection without the power of trial, which was an important beginning of the full-time police in the history of China. Patrol officers are equipped with different security forces, and there is a certain division of labour in the patrol area and the arrest operation.
The Song Dynasty strengthened the precautionary measures of local public security management, adhered to the city wall policy of "destroying the city and not repairing the city" and implemented the system of public entrance to the city gate and curfew.
During the reign of the Song Dynasty in 319 years, the general situation of social security was not ideal, and the resistance struggle of the local soldiers and the people was always continuous, but it showed obvious locality and did not last long, and there was no national peasant struggle, which had never happened in all dynasties of China. All kinds of social crimes have been standardized, which has cushioned the destructive force of social contradictions on the ruling order and ensured the Song Dynasty's endurance of social conflicts.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K244
本文编号：2206683
[Abstract]:"Public Order" is a special subject and concept in China, and "History of Public Order in China" is a new special history. The Song Dynasty has a connecting link in the history of public order in ancient China.
Most of the achievements in the study of the history of public security lay particular stress on the public security system or legal charges, while the study of crime is the premise for the study of the history of public security to move towards the mode of "crime-governance". Way.
There were many types of crimes against public security in Song Dynasty. Thieves were the most common type of crimes in Chinese feudal society and the most serious type of crimes that impacted the feudal public security. "Piracy" is also an important part of "robbery" crime in the Southern Song Dynasty. Piracy crime in the Song Dynasty became a prominent social problem in Chinese history. The crimes committed by generals in the Song Dynasty were called "military thieves". Some soldiers in the Song Dynasty were burglarized and soldiers disturbing the people were also prominent social security problems. Salt smuggling is a typical smuggling crime in Song Dynasty. Salt smuggling is always a very prominent problem in Song Dynasty. It exists in many links of production, transportation and marketing, and has the characteristics of armed and gangs. Secret religious crimes in the Song Dynasty were characterized by widespread regional dissemination and obvious trend of group formation. Local "heroic" crimes in the Song Dynasty were characterized by cruelty against the people and collusion with local officials and corrupt officials. The prevalence of gambling in the local society in the Song Dynasty brought about serious social problems.
The rulers of the Song Dynasty designed a strict system of prevention and control for the maintenance of local public order. The special law is a policy of criminal management to maintain public order in the non-special period. The system of Baojia in Song Dynasty assumed the functions of household registration management and night patrol, and gradually tended to be militarized. The rulers of Song Dynasty adopted the principle of threatening punishment to prevent and control crimes, which made the punishment of crimes in Song Dynasty more serious and the punishment of staying late was the most classic. The Song Dynasty was also a time when the policy of "enlisting public security" was carried out frequently in Chinese history.
Local officials at all levels in the Song Dynasty were responsible for maintaining public order. In the Song Dynasty, the local literati ministers were in charge of the army, the conciliation ministers and the prosecution ministers both had public order functions, and the prefectures and counties assumed more important public security responsibilities.
In Song Dynasty, there were two sets of organs which exercised the functions of the National Police, one was the Inspection Department, the other was the County Lieutenant. In Song Dynasty, the organization of the Inspection Lieutenants gradually extended to the grass-roots level of the society. Both of them took the maintenance of public order as the main function and could only participate in the arrest and inspection without the power of trial, which was an important beginning of the full-time police in the history of China. Patrol officers are equipped with different security forces, and there is a certain division of labour in the patrol area and the arrest operation.
The Song Dynasty strengthened the precautionary measures of local public security management, adhered to the city wall policy of "destroying the city and not repairing the city" and implemented the system of public entrance to the city gate and curfew.
During the reign of the Song Dynasty in 319 years, the general situation of social security was not ideal, and the resistance struggle of the local soldiers and the people was always continuous, but it showed obvious locality and did not last long, and there was no national peasant struggle, which had never happened in all dynasties of China. All kinds of social crimes have been standardized, which has cushioned the destructive force of social contradictions on the ruling order and ensured the Song Dynasty's endurance of social conflicts.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K244
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 包伟民;;理论与方法:近三十年宋史研究的回顾与反思[J];史学月刊;2012年05期
相关博士学位论文 前2条
1 黄道诚;宋代侦查制度与技术研究[D];河北大学;2009年
2 杨瑞军;北宋东京治安研究[D];首都师范大学;2012年
，本文编号：2206683
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