宋朝农业管理初探
发布时间：2018-11-03 18:50
【摘要】：农业是古代决定性的生产部门,农业生产的状况与国计民生息息相关。因此,历朝历代莫不把管理农业作为经济工作的首要任务。宋代统治者继承了传统的重农思想,运用国家机器,加强农业管理。从宏观上的一系列立法,到微观上的生产指导,都是十分具体的。在农政推行中,不仅行政手段和经济手段并举,且常常诉诸刑律,以达到发展生产的目的。 宋朝较为重视农政的制度建设。在管理机构方面,中央的户部、工部(在元丰官制改革之前主要为三司)、司农寺,地方州县长官乃至地方监察机关等机构均负有管理农业的职责。发端于前代的劝农制度,至宋代已经相当完备。除皇帝例行的亲耕籍田之外,首次设立了劝农机构——劝农司,又在地方官的官衔上加上劝农职事。从中央至地方,制订了一系列农业法规条文,其内容关涉农业生产的各个方面,诸如赋税、水利兴修、田宅交易、虫害除治等。 农业是劳动力密集型产业,对农业劳动力进行有效的管理,是确保农业生产顺利进行的前提条件。由于天灾人祸,造成了大量的流民。宋廷采取了提供生产资料、归还田产、免除赋役等措施,引导流民复业。当时有不少农民转向工商业,致使农业劳动力在比例上相对减少。地方官采取种种方法诱导农民多投入劳力,以增加农业生产的劳动量。宋廷多次将前人的农业书籍刊刻颁行,大多数的地方官在《劝农文》中介绍江浙先进的农业生产技术,指导农民生产,提高农民的耕作技术。 土地对以自然经济为主的传统社会,无疑是根本的生产资料,不仅是人们赖以生存的源泉,也是国家财政收入的重要支柱。由于战乱和天灾,造成了大量土地荒芜。政府采取多种措施,鼓励开垦荒田,扩大耕地面积。在鼓励垦荒的同时,也十分注重水利的兴修,使农地能旱涝保收。除此之外,对推广优良作物,扩大复种面积,提高土地利用率,也是比较重视。 在农耕社会中,农业一向是收入微薄的行业,大多数农民生产资金不足和生产工具短缺,极大地影响了农业生产顺利进行。宋朝政府通过举办政府农业贷款、调节富户与农民之间的借贷关系、免征农器税与耕牛交易税等多种措施加以解决。 宋代是一个自然灾害较为频繁的朝代。农业在很大程度上是靠天吃饭,自然灾害对农业影响极大。为了应对频繁的自然灾害,宋代建立了各种仓储来防灾。在灾害发生以后,又能及时救济,减免田赋。这一切有利于社会的安定,在一定程度上保证农业生产的顺利进行。
[Abstract]:Agriculture was the decisive production department in ancient times, and the condition of agricultural production was closely related to the national economy and people's livelihood. Therefore, the successive dynasties to manage agriculture as the first task of economic work. The rulers of the Song Dynasty inherited the traditional thought of emphasizing agriculture and used state machinery to strengthen agricultural management. From a series of macro legislation to micro-production guidance, are very specific. In the implementation of agricultural policy, not only administrative means and economic means, but also often resort to criminal law, in order to achieve the purpose of development of production. The Song Dynasty paid more attention to the system construction of agricultural government. In terms of management, the central ministry of household, the ministry of industry (mainly three departments before the reform of Yuanfeng's official system), the Si Nong Temple, the local prefectural and county governors and even the local supervisory organs all have the responsibility of managing agriculture. The system of persuading agriculture, which originated in the previous generation, was quite complete in the Song Dynasty. In addition to the emperors' routine practice of farming and farming, an agency was established for the first time, the Counseling Division, and the rank of prefect was added to the rank of Counsellor. From the central government to the local government, a series of agricultural laws and regulations have been formulated, the contents of which concern all aspects of agricultural production, such as taxation, water conservancy construction, field house trading, pest control and so on. Agriculture is a labor-intensive industry. The effective management of agricultural labor force is the prerequisite to ensure the smooth progress of agricultural production. As a result of natural and man-made disasters, caused a large number of displaced people. The Song Dynasty took measures to provide the means of production, return the land property, exempt from servitude, and guide the displaced people to return to business. At that time, many farmers turned to industry and commerce, resulting in a relative reduction in the proportion of agricultural labor. Local officials used various methods to induce farmers to put in more labor in order to increase the amount of labor in agricultural production. Most of the local officials introduced the advanced agricultural production technology of Jiangsu and Zhejiang in order to guide farmers' production and improve their farming techniques. Land is no doubt the fundamental means of production to the traditional society with natural economy, which is not only the source of people's survival, but also the important pillar of the national financial revenue. As a result of the war and natural disasters, caused a large amount of land desolation. The government has taken various measures to encourage reclamation and expand the area of cultivated land. In encouraging reclamation, but also pay great attention to the construction of water conservancy, so that farmland can waterlogging. In addition, the promotion of good crops, the expansion of multiple cropping area, improve land use ratio, is also more important. In the farming society, agriculture has always been an industry with low income. The shortage of production funds and production tools for most farmers has greatly affected the smooth progress of agricultural production. The government of Song Dynasty solved the problem by holding government agricultural loans, regulating the loan relationship between rich households and farmers, and exempting agricultural equipment tax and cattle transaction tax. The Song Dynasty was a dynasty with frequent natural disasters. Agriculture to a large extent depends on the day to eat, natural disasters have a great impact on agriculture. In order to cope with frequent natural disasters, the Song Dynasty established a variety of warehousing to prevent disaster. After the disaster, it can be timely relief, relief and relief. All this is conducive to social stability, to a certain extent to ensure the smooth progress of agricultural production.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K244
本文编号：2308653
[Abstract]:Agriculture was the decisive production department in ancient times, and the condition of agricultural production was closely related to the national economy and people's livelihood. Therefore, the successive dynasties to manage agriculture as the first task of economic work. The rulers of the Song Dynasty inherited the traditional thought of emphasizing agriculture and used state machinery to strengthen agricultural management. From a series of macro legislation to micro-production guidance, are very specific. In the implementation of agricultural policy, not only administrative means and economic means, but also often resort to criminal law, in order to achieve the purpose of development of production. The Song Dynasty paid more attention to the system construction of agricultural government. In terms of management, the central ministry of household, the ministry of industry (mainly three departments before the reform of Yuanfeng's official system), the Si Nong Temple, the local prefectural and county governors and even the local supervisory organs all have the responsibility of managing agriculture. The system of persuading agriculture, which originated in the previous generation, was quite complete in the Song Dynasty. In addition to the emperors' routine practice of farming and farming, an agency was established for the first time, the Counseling Division, and the rank of prefect was added to the rank of Counsellor. From the central government to the local government, a series of agricultural laws and regulations have been formulated, the contents of which concern all aspects of agricultural production, such as taxation, water conservancy construction, field house trading, pest control and so on. Agriculture is a labor-intensive industry. The effective management of agricultural labor force is the prerequisite to ensure the smooth progress of agricultural production. As a result of natural and man-made disasters, caused a large number of displaced people. The Song Dynasty took measures to provide the means of production, return the land property, exempt from servitude, and guide the displaced people to return to business. At that time, many farmers turned to industry and commerce, resulting in a relative reduction in the proportion of agricultural labor. Local officials used various methods to induce farmers to put in more labor in order to increase the amount of labor in agricultural production. Most of the local officials introduced the advanced agricultural production technology of Jiangsu and Zhejiang in order to guide farmers' production and improve their farming techniques. Land is no doubt the fundamental means of production to the traditional society with natural economy, which is not only the source of people's survival, but also the important pillar of the national financial revenue. As a result of the war and natural disasters, caused a large amount of land desolation. The government has taken various measures to encourage reclamation and expand the area of cultivated land. In encouraging reclamation, but also pay great attention to the construction of water conservancy, so that farmland can waterlogging. In addition, the promotion of good crops, the expansion of multiple cropping area, improve land use ratio, is also more important. In the farming society, agriculture has always been an industry with low income. The shortage of production funds and production tools for most farmers has greatly affected the smooth progress of agricultural production. The government of Song Dynasty solved the problem by holding government agricultural loans, regulating the loan relationship between rich households and farmers, and exempting agricultural equipment tax and cattle transaction tax. The Song Dynasty was a dynasty with frequent natural disasters. Agriculture to a large extent depends on the day to eat, natural disasters have a great impact on agriculture. In order to cope with frequent natural disasters, the Song Dynasty established a variety of warehousing to prevent disaster. After the disaster, it can be timely relief, relief and relief. All this is conducive to social stability, to a certain extent to ensure the smooth progress of agricultural production.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K244
【引证文献】
相关博士学位论文 前2条
1 张成福;唐宋农民比较研究[D];山东大学;2011年
2 郑辉;中国古代林业政策和管理研究[D];北京林业大学;2013年
相关硕士学位论文 前4条
1 武叔伦;宋代湖南地区农业经济研究[D];湖南科技大学;2011年
2 葛巧芝;北宋前五朝农政若干问题初探[D];河北大学;2008年
3 孙春芳;北宋河北路农业研究[D];河北大学;2008年
4 蒋恒;张]r家世及其政治思想研究[D];华中师范大学;2013年
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