试述魏晋南北朝时期正统论的广泛影响

发布时间：2018-02-27 22:25

本文关键词： 魏晋南北朝正统论影响　出处：《南京大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：魏晋南北朝时期,是继秦、汉大一统时代之后的一个长期分裂割据的时期,期间政权林立,战火不断。从220年曹丕篡汉、建立曹魏开始,到589年隋灭陈、统一南北,共有369年的历史。如果从汉献帝建安年间开始算起,这个时间段还要更长一些。在这样一个以分裂为主旋律的时代,发源于先秦,发展于汉代的正统论有了发挥作用的空间。争正朔、明法统成为了具有现实意义的政治问题。人们在正统观念的影响下,或彰显正统、或争夺正统、或趋向正统、或树立正统,总之正统论的影响可以在这一时期的各个政权、历史的各个方面体现出来。正统论以天命论和五德终始学说为理论基础,到魏晋南北朝时期评判正统与否的标准越来越多,北方政权以地理正统为依据,南方政权则以政治、文化正统为依据,到北朝时期,北魏的汉化政策成效显著,南方政权逐渐失去了占据优势的政治、文化正统,最后由北方完成统一,开创了隋唐大一统的局面。本文通过政治文化、政区制度、战争都邑和人口迁徙四个方面的论述魏晋南北朝时期正统观的广泛影响。在名号和德运方面,胡族政权起初往往没有底气,于是或标榜前代正统王朝、或借王命以自重,通过种种手段承接前朝汉族政权的国号和德运,树立自身的正统形象。等到支撑胡族政权的社会心理平台逐渐建立起来,他们又往往在名号和德运上转变立场,开始明确自己的胡人身份,并建立自己的帝王法统,表现出更加自信的态度。在政区制度方面,魏晋南北朝时期出现了特殊的遥领、虚封和侨州郡县制度。这样的制度下,政区与疆域的占有并不对等,设立政区往往代表疆域的丧失。因此,遥领、虚封和侨州郡县是一种虚化的政区制度。在没有现实占领的情况下,遥领、虚封和侨州郡县表现了统治者们统一天下的理想。因此,在这个分裂的时代盛行一时。但在统一时代,这样的制度是没有必要的,最后的结果都是逐渐消亡。在战争都邑方面,东晋南朝不断北伐、而北方政权则不断南征。甚至在条件并不具备的时候,在统一天下、成为正统的愿望中去发动战争。在各方的交战中,洛阳因其“天下之中”的特殊意义成了争夺热点,这无疑也是争夺正统的一个方面。在人口迁徙方面,迁徙分成主动性迁徙和被动性迁徙两种。在魏晋南北朝时代,这两种人口迁徙的规模都很庞大。而且迁徙过后的流民往往还会回徙。这其中人口迁徙的流向、北方胡族政权的徙民和南方汉族官民的回徙都是值得探讨的重要问题。人口迁徙的流向往往指向社会心理中的正统所在,北方胡族政权的徙民则造成了北方人口大流动的现象。北朝时有发生的南方汉族官民的北奔,虽然是在现实考量的基础上发生的,但也在一定程度上说明了当时南北方政治局势的对等。
[Abstract]:The period of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties was a long period of splittism after Qin Dynasty, the period of unification of Han Dynasty and the Great Unification of Han Dynasty, during which political power was numerous and the fighting was incessant. From 220 years, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and established Cao Wei, then in 589 the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and unified the north and the south. It has a history of 369 years. It would have been longer since the reign of Emperor Jian'an in the Han Dynasty. In such an era of split as the main melody, originated in the pre-Qin Dynasty, developed in the Han Dynasty orthodoxy has a space to play. Dispute over Zhengshuo, the Ming legal system has become a political issue of practical significance. People under the influence of orthodoxy, Either to show, or to fight for, or to become orthodox, or to establish orthodoxy, in short, the influence of orthodoxy can be reflected in all aspects of this period's political power and history. Orthodoxy is based on the doctrine of destiny and the doctrine of the end of the five virtues. By the time of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, there were more and more criteria for judging orthodoxy, the northern regime based on geographical orthodoxy, the southern regime on the basis of political and cultural orthodoxy, and by the Northern Dynasty, the Northern Wei Dynasty's Sinicization policy had achieved remarkable results. The southern regime gradually lost the dominant political and cultural orthodoxy, and finally completed the unification by the north, creating a unified situation in the Sui and Tang dynasties. This paper discusses the influence of orthodoxy in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties through four aspects: political culture, district system, war capital and population migration. In the respect of fame and German luck, the Hu nationality regime often did not have the courage at first, so it either flaunted the orthodox dynasty of the previous generation, or adopted various means to take over the name and luck of the Han nationality regime of the former dynasty with self-respect through the order of the king. Set up their own orthodox image. When the social and psychological platform to support the Hu nationality regime was gradually established, they often changed their position in the name and German movement, began to define their identity as Hu people, and established their own monarchical legal system. Show a more confident attitude. In the area of administrative district system, there appeared special remote control system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties. Under this system, the occupation of administrative regions and territories was not equal, and the establishment of administrative areas often represented the loss of territory. The virtual seal and the overseas Chinese prefectures and counties are a kind of fictitious administrative district system. In the absence of real occupation, the remote control, the virtual seal and the overseas Chinese prefectures and counties represent the rulers' ideal of unifying the world. In this age of division, it prevailed. But in the era of unity, such a system was unnecessary, and the end result was gradual extinction. In the war capital, the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasty were constantly invading the north, while the northern regime was constantly invading the south. Even when the conditions did not exist, they waged war in the desire to unify the world and become orthodox. Luoyang has become a hot spot because of its special meaning in the world, which is undoubtedly an aspect of the struggle for orthodoxy. In terms of population migration, migration is divided into active migration and passive migration. In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, The scale of these two types of migration is very large. And the displaced tend to go back after the migration. The migration of the Hu-nationality regime in the north and the return of the officials of the Han nationality in the south are important issues to be discussed. The flow of population migration tends to point to the orthodoxy in the social psychology. The migration of the Hu-nationality regime in the north has resulted in a large population movement in the north. The northward movement of Han officials and people in the South occurred from time to time in the Northern Dynasty, although it took place on the basis of realistic considerations. To some extent, however, the political situation between the North and the South was equal.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K235

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