明代省镇营兵制下守备初探

发布时间：2018-04-25 21:12

本文选题：明代 + 守备　；参考：《天津师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：守备,明代省镇营兵制下的镇戍将领,负责重要城堡的防守,其设立经历了从临时性差遣到常驻性设置的过程。明初设立的守备多以防守的性质命名,军事任务色彩较重,之后逐渐发展成为正式的武官将领。沿至清代,守备这一官职为绿营兵制所保留。随着镇戍将领体系的形成,守备正式成为其中的重要一环,在军事防御、社会治安、屯田督种、马市管理等方面发挥了重要的作用。守备的设置"无定员"、"无品级":"无定员"是说守备的设置数量没有统一的规定,其设置原则和分布情况与地区的战略防守地位紧密相关;"无品级"是说守备这一官职本身不对应任何品级,品级的高低依据其在五府、都司卫所中担任的官职而定。守备多是由都司、卫所官员充任,武举一途也在明代中后期占一定比例。明代守备的考察是五年一次,胜任者继续留任,才不胜任者免职,由于守备多是从卫所中抽调,所以被免职的守备仍回到原来的卫所。明朝很长时间内是文臣、武将、内臣三位一体的军事领导体系,主要表现为:文臣提督军务,武将统兵作战,内臣负责监军,三大体系相互制衡,直至明亡。因此,守备的权力既受到文臣的制约和内臣的监察,同时又受到其他镇戍将领的限制。这种军事领导体系在一定程度上的确防止了武将专权,避免了出现类似唐代藩镇割据的局面,使军政大权牢牢归于中央;但最主要的是打击了守备和其他镇戍将领的积极性,削弱了明朝的军事力量。总体来讲,守备作为镇戍将领,虽然职衔不高,但设立人数较多,影响着明代整体的军事防御体系;守备与其他镇戍将领的协同合作,在一定程度上抵御了倭寇和蒙古各部的军事入侵,维持了大明江山的统治秩序。
[Abstract]:The garrison general, who was in charge of the defense of important castles in Ming Dynasty, experienced a process from temporary dispatch to permanent setting. In the early Ming Dynasty, the garrison was named after the nature of defense, and the military task was more colorful, then it gradually developed into a formal military attache general. Along the Qing Dynasty, this official post was preserved by the Green Battalion system. With the formation of the garrison general system, garrison has become an important part of the system, which plays an important role in military defense, social security, the cultivation of farmland, and the management of the city. "No fixed person" or "no grade": "No fixed person" means that there is no uniform provision for the number of settings on guard. The establishment principle and distribution situation are closely related to the strategic defensive position of the region, and "no grade" means that the official post of guarding does not correspond to any rank, and the rank is determined by the official position held by it in the five prefectures and the Dudu Department of Defense. Most of the defense by the Department of Defense, the office of officials, Wuju also in the middle and late Ming Dynasty accounted for a certain proportion. In the Ming Dynasty, the guard was inspected once every five years, the competent person continued to stay in office, only the incompetent person was removed from the post. Because most of the guards were transferred from the Wei Institute, the deposed guard still returned to the original guard post. For a long time in the Ming Dynasty, the military leadership system was composed of civil ministers, military generals, and internal ministers, which were mainly manifested in the following aspects: military affairs of Wen Chen, military affairs by generals, armed forces under the supervision of internal ministers, checks and balances between the three systems until the end of Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the power of guarding is not only restricted by civil servants and overseers, but also restricted by other garrison generals. To a certain extent, this system of military leadership has indeed prevented the dictatorship of generals, avoided the appearance of a situation similar to the separation of towns in the Tang Dynasty, and firmly placed the great power of the military and government in the Central Committee. But the most important thing was to crack down on the enthusiasm of garrison and other town garrison generals. It weakened the military power of the Ming Dynasty. Generally speaking, as the garrison general in the town, although the rank of garrison is not high, it has a large number of people, which affects the overall military defense system of the Ming Dynasty; the garrison and other town garrison generals cooperate with each other. To some extent, it withstood the Japanese invaders and Mongolian military invaders, and maintained the ruling order of Daming Jiangshan.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K248

【参考文献】