汉代策对制度与对策文研究

发布时间：2018-05-21 08:52

本文选题：两汉 + 察举　；参考：《鲁东大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：策对是汉代的一种选官制度，是察举制的一部分。汉代皇帝遇到难以解决的重大问题时，或对某些问题疑惑不解时，便会下诏要求大臣举荐人才，之后皇帝会亲自策问，以寻求贤能、征询方略，最后通过评定对策文来定贤能的高下，并且授官。其中，被举者以对策成文的形式，书面回答皇帝策问的内容。这便是策对的大体过程。策对诏书中一般包涵举主、科目和策问内容。有资格向皇帝举荐人才者被称为举主，一般为二千石左右的高级官吏或诸侯王。科目限定了举荐人才的种类，，科目名称的修饰性大于其限定性，策对中的科目也被称为察举的特科。察举制度中，孝廉、茂才被称为岁举或常举。策对相对于岁举而言比较灵活多变，举主、科目等不固定，也不定期举办，所以一般被称为特举。本文以传世文献为基础，并在充分吸收己有学术成果的基础上，对汉代策对制度的形成和演变加以论述，并分析其产生以及变化的原因。本文认为，策对制度的产生和演变与中国古代政治制度的变化、汉代君主的天人观念有极大的关系。策对制度产生的思想根源是汉代君主对自己出身以及皇权的合理性缺乏自信，有随时被上天剥夺皇权的恐惧感，鉴于此，他们便急于寻求人才，以辅助统治。武帝时，董仲舒用天人感应思想诠释天人之间的关系，认为灾异源自于君主的统治失误，灾异的的出现是上天对君主的遣告。自此，汉代君主对天人感应已深信不疑，灾异成为他们最畏a⒆罴毙杞鈒z的问题。正因为如此，武帝前后的策对有一次重大的变革。武帝之后，皇帝在诏书中便明确策问内容，简化了策对步骤；在策问内容上，皇帝多策问灾异；在对策文中，被举者多将灾异引向君主的政治失误。策对制度中，君主策问的内容、限定的举主、察举的科目，被举者就君主策问所置的对策文，不仅反映了两汉不同时期的政治状况，同时也反映出两汉思想的发展演变以及对策者本人的思想。策对制度以文取人的考试方法被逐步的应用到整个察举制度中，东汉影响岁举，西晋应用于秀才考试，到后来的科举制也是延用以文取人的考试方法。通过对以上问题的研究，我们可以深入了解汉代选官制度，更好的把握汉代的历史发展脉络。
[Abstract]:Policy-pair is a system of selecting officials in the Han Dynasty, and it is a part of the system of inspection. When the emperor of the Han Dynasty encountered a major problem which was difficult to solve, or when he was puzzled about certain problems, he issued a decree asking the minister to recommend a talented person, and then the emperor himself would ask for advice in order to seek wisdom and consult the general plan. Finally, through the evaluation of countermeasures to determine the superior, and to award officials. Among them, the selected in the form of countermeasures, written answer to the content of the emperor. This is the general process of the right policy. The policy on the Dahir generally covers the subject, subject and content of the question. Qualified to recommend talents to the emperor known as the master, generally about 2,000 stone senior officials or kings. The subject defines the category of the recommended talents, the modification of the subject name is more than its qualification, and the subject in the policy pair is also called the special subject of inspection. In the system of inspection, Xiao Lian and Mao Mao are called "New year's feasts" or "often held". The policy is more flexible and changeable relative to the new year, such as subject, subject and so on, so it is generally called special. On the basis of the documents handed down, and on the basis of fully absorbing the academic achievements, this paper discusses the formation and evolution of the system of the Han Dynasty's policy, and analyzes the causes of its emergence and change. This paper holds that the emergence and evolution of the policy on the system is closely related to the changes of the ancient Chinese political system and the concept of heaven and man of the monarch of the Han Dynasty. The ideological root of the policy to the system is the Han Dynasty monarch's lack of confidence in his origin and the reasonableness of the imperial power, and the fear of being deprived of the imperial power by heaven at any time. In view of this, they are eager to seek talents to assist the rule. When Emperor Wu, Dong Zhongshu interprets the relationship between heaven and man with the thought of "Heaven and Man", and thinks that the disaster difference originates from the misrule of the monarch, and the appearance of the disaster difference is the aphorism of heaven to the monarch. Since then, the Han Dynasty monarchs have been convinced of the nature and man, and the disaster has become their most feared a 19 to kill Qi Qianz problem. Because of this, the policy before and after Emperor Wu had a major change. After Emperor Wu, the emperor made it clear in the imperial edict that the content of the policy question was clear and simplified the steps of the policy response; in the content of the policy question, the emperor asked more questions about the disaster, and in the text of the policy, most of the people cited led the disaster difference to the monarch's political mistakes. In the policy response system, the content of the monarch's policy, the limited subject of the title, the subject of examination, and the policy papers of the selected person on the question of the monarch not only reflect the political situation in different periods of the Han Dynasty, but also reflect the political situation of the two Han dynasties. At the same time, it also reflects the development and evolution of the Han thought and the thought of the countermeasure. The examination method of policy to the system is gradually applied to the whole examination system. The Eastern Han Dynasty influenced the year, the Western Jin Dynasty applied to the examination of the scholar, and the later imperial examination system also extended the examination method of using the text to get the person. Through the study of the above problems, we can deeply understand the system of selecting officials in the Han Dynasty and better grasp the historical development of the Han Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：鲁东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D691.42;K234

【参考文献】